Kwenya Greek: Difference between revisions

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Line 12: Line 12:
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
*μ ν γγ = /m n ŋ/ (γκ γχ = /ŋk ŋkʰ/)
*μ ν γγ = /m n ŋ/ (γκ γχ = /ŋ: ŋkʰ/)
*π τ κ = /p t k/
*π τ κ = /p t k/
*β δ = /b d/
*β δ = /b d/

Revision as of 23:21, 10 October 2022

Kwenya (Κοινη) is a Hellenic language spoken in Irta.

Introduction

Diachronics

Proto-Kwenya

Very close to 2nd century BC Egyptian Greek

Old Kwenya

η ω → iə uə

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

  • μ ν γγ = /m n ŋ/ (γκ γχ = /ŋ: ŋkʰ/)
  • π τ κ = /p t k/
  • β δ = /b d/
  • φ θ χ = /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
  • σ γ = /s h/
  • ζ = /z/
  • ϝ ρ/ς λ = /w ɾ l/

Vowels

α ε ι ο υ η ω αι ει ευ ια ιο οι ου = /a ə i o wi ja u e i ju ja jo we ɨ/ a ë i o wi ya u e i yu ya yo we ũ

Prosody

Stress

Stress is always initial.

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Nouns

Kwenya nouns have the following template:

STEM-case.number-(possessive suffix)

Kwenya lost gender.

Cases

Possessive suffixes

γλώσσαμου, γλώσσασου, γλώσσατου, γλώσσαμων, γλώσσασων, γλώσσατων = my language, ...

Adjectives

Adjectives have an attributive form and predicative forms that agree by number, animacy and gender. They also have past tense and imperative forms like verbs. also -wir, -ia, -wi < ύς-εία-ύ‎

καλος 'good' (1st/2nd decl.); present tense
Singular Plural
male καλος
kalor
καλοι
kale
female καλη
kalya
inanimate καλον
kalon
καλα
kala
attributive καλ(ο)-
kal(o)-


καλος 'good' (1st/2nd decl.); past tense
Singular Plural
male καλοςων
kalorun
καλοντες
kalontër
female καληρα
kalyara
inanimate καλονον
kalonon
καλαντα
kalanta
attributive καλομοντ
kalomont


καλος 'good' (1st decl.); imperative
Singular Plural
active καλοστι!
kalosti!
καλοστε!
kalostë!

ευγενης 'gentlemanly/ladylike' (3nd decl.)
Singular Plural
male ευγενης
yuhënyar
ευγενεις
yuhënir
female ευγενης
yuhënyar
inanimate ευγενες
yuhënër
ευγενη
yuhënya
attributive ευγεν(ο)-
yuhën(o)-


ευγενης 'gentlemanly/ladylike' (3nd decl.); past tense
Singular Plural
male ευγενηςων
yuhënyarun
ευγενειντες
yuhënintër
female ευγενηςα
yuhënyara
inanimate ευγενεςον
yuhënëron
ευγενηντα
yuhënyanta
attributive ευγενομοντ
yuhënomont


ευγενης 'gentlemanly' (3nd decl.); imperative
Singular Plural
active ευγενοστι!
yuhënosti!
ευγενοστε!
yuhënostë!


Verbs

Two voices: active, passive

Principal parts: present stem, past stem

φαγων 'eat' - present active
Singular Plural
male φαγων
phahun
φαγοντες
phahontër
female φαγουςα
phahũra
inanimate φαγον
phahon
φαγοντα
phahonta
attributive φαγοντ
phahont


φαγων 'eat' - past active
Singular Plural
male φαγας
phahar
φαγαντες
phahantër
female φαγαςα
phahara
inanimate φαγαν
phahan
φαγαντα
phahanta
attributive φαγας
phahar


φαγων 'eat' - imperative active
Singular Plural
active φαγε!
phahë!
φαγετε!
phahëtë!


φαγων 'eat' - present passive
Singular Plural
male φαγομενος
phahomënor
φαγομενοι
phahomëne
female φαγομενη
phahomënya
inanimate φαγομενον
phahomënon
φαγομενα
phahomëna
attributive φαγομεν
phahomën


φαγων 'eat' - past passive
Singular Plural
male φαγομενοςων
phahamënorun
φαγαμενοντες
phahamënontër
female φαγομενηςα
phahamënyara
inanimate φαγαμενονον
phahamënonon
φαγαμεναντα
phahamënanta
attributive φαγομενομοντ
phahomënomont


φαγων 'eat' - imperative passive
Singular Plural
active φαγομεστι!
phahomësti!
φαγομεστε!
phahomëstë!


Numbers

All numbers are indeclinable:

1-10: ën, dwi, trya, tëttar, pënta, ëksa, ëpta, ohta, ënnya, dëka

11-20: ëndyutrũ, dwidyutru, ..., ikori (< hen deuterou, dyo deuterou, ... "one of the second [ten], two of the second [ten], ..." cf. Estonian üks·teist, kaks·teist, ...)

100: ëkaton

1000: khilya

Syntax

Constituent order

Kwenya syntax is similar to Finnish.

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources