Germian: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Line 899: Line 899:


The slash ( / ) is often used to indicate alternatives or two equivalent meanings or spellings. The slash can also be used in certain set phrases.
The slash ( / ) is often used to indicate alternatives or two equivalent meanings or spellings. The slash can also be used in certain set phrases.
===Abbreviations===
Acronyms (initials for a phrase) and abbreviations are used in written Germian. They can be written in all caps, lowercase, title form and with periods.


===Word creation===
===Word creation===

Revision as of 14:27, 6 March 2024

Germian
Germic
Germian Flag.png
The Germian flag is inspired by the Dutch, German, British and Swedish flags.
Pronunciation[germiʃ]
Created byJeppesper
Date2022
SettingGermanic languages
Native toAnyone
Indo-European
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.


Germian (Germic IPA: /germiʃ/) is a conlang created by Jeppesper beginning in 2022, germ stands for it being based of off Germanic languages. It could be thought of as a conditioned language since it is constructed to be regular, simple, recognizable and to lack grammatical gender and gender differentiation of nouns/pronouns. The conlang is mainly based on English, German, Dutch and Swedish, but it has to smaller extends also been influenced by Afrikaans, Danish, Norwegian, Yiddish, West-frisian, Luxembourgish and Icelandic.

Qualities

Alignment Neutral alignment
Type Analytical
Tonal No
Genders None
Nouns decline according to Case

Number

Definiteness

Verbs conjugate according to Tense

Aspect

Adjectives decline according to Comparision
100% Phonetic alphabet
100% Consistent noun & adjective declensions
100% Consistent verb conjugations
0% Noun/Pronoun gender differentiation
+ Swadesh inclusive
+ GSRD inclusive

Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Labio-dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Labio-velar Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive p b t d k g
Fricative f v s z ʃ h
Approximant j w
Trill r
Lateral app. l
Clusters ks kw

Vowels

Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
High
Near-high ɪ ʏ ʊ
High-mid
Mid
Low-mid ɛ ɔ
Near-low
Low a ɑː
Diphthongs ɛ͡ɪ a͡ɪ a͡ʊ ɔ͡ɪ ɔ͡ʊ

Orthography

Alphabet

Letter Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
Sound /a/ /b/ /ʃ/ /d/ /ɛ/ /f/ /g/ /h/ /ɪ/ /j/ /k/ /l/ /m/ /n/ /ɔ/ /p/ /kw/ /r/ /s/ /t/ /ʊ/ /v/ /w/ /ks/ /ʏ/ /z/
Name /a/ /beː/ /ʃeː/ /deː/ /ɛ/ /ɛf/ /geː/ /hoː/ /ɪ/ /jɛɪ/ /kɛɪ/ /ɛl/ /ɛm/ /ɛn/ /ɔ/ /peː/ /kwuː/ /ɛr/ /ɛs/ /teː/ /ʊ/ /vɛɪ/ /wʏn/ /ɛks/ /ʏ/ /zɛt/

Digraphs & Diphthongs

Digraphs & Diphthongs Aa aa Ee ee Ii ii Oo oo Uu uu Yy yy Ng ng Ai ai Ei ei Oi oi Au au Ou ou
Sound /ɑː/ /eː/ /iː/ /oː/ /uː/ /yː/ /ŋ/ /a͡ɪ/ /ɛ͡ɪ/ /ɔ͡ɪ/ /a͡ʊ/ /ɔ͡ʊ/
Name lang a lang e lang i lang o lang u lang y /ɛŋ/ /a͡ɪ/ /ɛ͡ɪ/ /ɔ͡ɪ/ /a͡ʊ/ /ɔ͡ʊ/

Translitteration of foreign letters/sounds

Foreign letters Ðð Þþ Åå Ææ Ää Öö Øø Üü ẞß
Foreign sounds /ð/ /θ/ /o/ /æ/ /œ/ /ø/ /ɵ/ /ʉ/ /s/
Germian translitteration dh th ao ae oe ue ss

Phonotactics

  • Note: These phonotactics may vary for loan words and words with foreign letter/sound translitterations.

1. There are no silent letters.

2. There is no phonemic reduced vowel sound like English's /ə/.

3. Multiple consonants, vowels and diphthong combinations interact as follows:

Double consonants (that aren't part of a digraph) are pronounced with a syllable break:

Example: bb = /b.b/


Vowels following each other that are not part of a vowel digraph/diphthong pair are not pronounced with a syllable break inbetween them:

Example: ia = /ɪa/

Example: iea = /ɪɛa/

Example: aioe = /a͡ɪ.ɔɛ/


The first 2 vowels that are viable as a vowel digraph/diphthong pair are the ones that will be pronounced as such:

Example: aii = /a͡ɪ.ɪ/

Example: eei = /eː.ɪ/

Not like: aii = /a.iː/

Not like: eei = /ɛ.ɛ͡ɪ/


Vowel digraph/diphthong pairs and single vowels that directly preceeds/follows a vowel digraph/diphthong pair are pronounced with a syllable break inbetween them:

Example: aaeiou = /ɑː.ɛ͡ɪ.ɔ͡ʊ/

Example: eaa = /ɛ.ɑː/

Example: aio = /a͡ɪ.ɔ/

Example: aaa = /ɑː.a/

Grammar

Syntax

Germian syntax follows a SVO (subject–verb–object) word order.

Descriptive examples:

Example: Jaik1 hav2 ain3 kat4. ⇄ I1 have2 a3 cat4.

Example: Jaik1 siien4 nite3 et5. ⇄ I1 do2 not3 see4 it5.

Example: Ain1 roud2 rous3. ⇄ A1 red2 rose3.

Example: Vat1 wilte4 duu3 dun5 6? ⇄ What1 do2 you3 want4 to5 do6?

Example: Vii1 brauke2 gouen3 in4 de5 morgen6. ⇄ We1 usually2 walk3 in4 the5 morning6.

Example: Siien4 du2 et5 nite3? ⇄ Do1 you (s.)2 not3 see4 it5?

Noun declenations

Case articles and number

Example Singular Plural
Nominative-Definite de kat de kates
Nominative-Indefinite ain kat (vleere) kates
Possessive-Definite de katese de kateses
Possessive-Indefinite ain katese (vleere) kateses
Vocabulary

ain ⇄ a, an (singular indefinite article)

de ⇄ the (definite article)

kat ⇄ cat

vleere ⇄ several (plural indefinite "article")

Noun affixes

-er ⇄ (making-subject e.g. English's employer)

-iie ⇄ (making-object e.g. English's employee)

-ing ⇄ (state/condition e.g. English's childhood)

Verb conjugations

Infinitive/Imperative:

sainen ⇄ to be

Simple Progressive Perfect Imperfect
Present sain ⇄ am/is/are saine ⇄ being hasainen ⇄ have/has been
Past saind ⇄ was/were sainde ⇄ was/were being hadsainen ⇄ had been
Future vil sain ⇄ will be vil saine ⇄ will become vil hasainen ⇄ will have been
Conditional skalde hasainen ⇄ would have been skalde sain ⇄ would be
Infinitive/Imperative:

dunen ⇄ to do

Simple Progressive Perfect Imperfect
Present dun ⇄ do dune ⇄ doing hadunen ⇄ have/has done
Past dund ⇄ did dunde ⇄ was/were doing haddunen ⇄ had done
Future vil dun ⇄ will do vil dune ⇄ will be doing vil hadunen ⇄ will have done
Conditional skalde hadunen ⇄ would have done skalde dun ⇄ would do
Infinitive/Imperative:

haven ⇄ to have

Simple Progressive Perfect Imperfect
Present hav ⇄ have have ⇄ having hahaven ⇄ have/has had
Past havd ⇄ had havde ⇄ was/were having hadhaven ⇄ had had
Future vil hav ⇄ will have vil have ⇄ will be having vil hahaven ⇄ will have had
Conditional skalde hahaven ⇄ would have had skalde hav ⇄ would have
Modal auxiliary verbs
berhauce ⇄ need
brauke ⇄ brukar, usually do
burt ⇄ ought
durfo ⇄ may, to be permitted to, to be allowed to, dürf, 
kan ⇄ can, to be able
kaunde ⇄ could
moug ⇄ might
must ⇄ must
skal ⇄ shall
skalde ⇄ would
taure ⇄ dare
vil ⇄ will, going to
wilte ⇄ want
Verb affixes

-en ⇄ (making-verb)

Example (Making-verb) Progressive Example phrase Example phrase
vit ⇄ white viten ⇄ whiten vite ⇄ whitening viten de tands ⇄ whiten the teeth de vite faun de tands ⇄ the whitening of the teeth

rii- ⇄ (repeat)

un- ⇄ (deprive)

ike-- ⇄ (negate)

Example (repeat) (deprive) (negate)
vit ⇄ white riiviten ⇄ rewhiten unviten ⇄ unwhiten ike-vit ⇄ non-white

Adjective comparison

-er ⇄ (comparative)

-est ⇄ (superlative)

Example Positive/Negative Comparative Superlative
Adjective groos grooser groosest

Example: Et sain groos. ⇄ It is big.

Example: Et sain grooser dan dat. ⇄ It is larger than that.

Example: Et sain (de) groosest. ⇄ It is the largest.

Example: Et sain klain. ⇄ It is small.

Example: Et sain klainer dan dat. ⇄ It is smaller than that.

Example: Et sain (de) klainest. ⇄ It is the smallest.

Example: Et sain fiiler dan dat. ⇄ It is more than that.

Example: Et sain klimer dan dat. ⇄ It is less than that.

Example: Jaik wilte meer. ⇄ I want (even) more.

Example: Jaik wilte haven vleere. ⇄ I want to have several ones.

Vocabulary

dan ⇄ than

dat ⇄ that

de ⇄ the

et ⇄ it

fiil ⇄ many, much, a lot

groos ⇄ big

hav ⇄ have

jaik ⇄ I

klain ⇄ small

klim ⇄ little meer ⇄ even more, additional

sain ⇄ am/is/are

vleere ⇄ several

wilte ⇄ want

Adjective affix

-ic ⇄ (making-adjective)/(having qualities of)

Example gold ⇄ gold hund ⇄ dog
-ic goldic hundic

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns Nominative Possesive Reflexive
1st person jaik ⇄ I

vii ⇄ we

jaikse ⇄ my/mine

viise ⇄ our/ours

jaikself ⇄ myself

viiselfs ⇄ ourselves

2nd person duu ⇄ you (s.)

juu ⇄ you (pl.)

duuse ⇄ your/yours (s.)

juuse ⇄ you/yours (pl.)

duuself ⇄ yourself (s.)

juuselfs ⇄ yourselves (pl.)

3rd person xiin ⇄ they/this one (s. proximate./former. standard)

diin ⇄ they/that one (s. obviative./post-former.)

et ⇄ it

dei ⇄ they (pl.)

xiinse ⇄ theirs (s.)

diinse ⇄ theirs (s.)

etse ⇄ its

deise ⇄ theirs (pl.)

xiinself ⇄ themself (s.)

diinself ⇄ themself (s.)

etself ⇄ itself

deiselfs ⇄ themselves (pl.)

4th person eim ⇄ one eimse ⇄ one's eimself ⇄ oneself

Numerals

1. Ordinal numbers are marked by adding the suffix "-ce" to a number.

2. Spaces are used to group digits in numerals e.g. 20 000.

3. Fractions are marked by adding the suffix "-deil" (deil ⇄ part, piece) to a number (exeption for "helft ⇄ half").

4. The comma is used as the decimal separator.

Capitalization

Capital letters are used for the first word of a sentence and for proper nouns.

The proper nouns in Germian are exclusively: personal names, place names, marketed titles and organization names.

Punctuation

Apostrophe

The apostrophe ( ’, ' ), is used to mark letters omitted in contractions.


Brackets

Brackets ( [...], (...), {...}, ⟨...⟩ ), are used for parenthesis, explanation or comment.

Question marks, exclamation points, semicolons, colons, periods and commas are placed inside the brackets when they apply only to the explanation or comment; if they syntactically apply to the sentence containing the material, they are placed outside the marks.


Colon

The colon ( : ) is used to start an enumeration and it is used between two clauses when the second clause otherwise clarifies the first.


Comma

The comma ( , ) is used to disambiguate the meaning of sentences, by providing boundaries between clauses and phrases.

The comma is also used as the decimal separator.


Dash and hyphen

The dash ( –, — ) is used:

1. as a replacement for a comma, when the subsequent clause significantly shifts the primary focus of the preceding text.

2. to indicate spans or differentiation, where it may replace "and", "to", or "through" e.g. numbers "1–10", and cross countries "US–Canada".

3. to mark someone speaking.

4. to mark the one who said something.


The hyphen/hyphen-minus ( ‐ ) is used:

1. as a line continuation when a word is broken across two lines.

2. to apply a prefix to a word for which there is no canonical compound word;


Ellipsis

An ellipsis ( ..., …, . . .) is used to mark omitted text or when a sentence trails off.


Exclamation mark

The exclamation mark ( ! ) is used to mark an exclamation.


Period/full stop/full point

The character known as the period/full stop/full point ( . ) serves multiple purposes. It is used to mark the end of a sentence, to indicate abbreviation, including of names as initials, as well as a separation marker when listing things with numbers e.g. "1. 2. 3.".


Question marks

The question mark ( ? ) is used to mark the end of a sentence which is a question.


Quotation marks

Quotation marks ( ‘...’, “...”, '...', "..." ) are used in pairs to set off quotation, with two levels for distinguishing nested quotations: single and double. Germian texts favours double quotation marks for the primary quotation.

Question marks, exclamation points, semicolons, colons, periods and commas are placed inside the quotation marks when they apply only to the quoted material; if they syntactically apply to the sentence containing or introducing the material, they are placed outside the marks.


Semicolon

The semicolon ( ; ) is used to separate two independent but related clauses. The semicolon is also used to separate list items when the list items contain commas.


Slash

The slash ( / ) is often used to indicate alternatives or two equivalent meanings or spellings. The slash can also be used in certain set phrases.

Abbreviations

Acronyms (initials for a phrase) and abbreviations are used in written Germian. They can be written in all caps, lowercase, title form and with periods.

Word creation

A word in Germian is created by looking at the equivalent words for it in English, German, Dutch and Swedish to then find the most prominant phonological features within these equivalent words. Then these features are used to create a word in accordance to germian phonology and orthography. Sometimes it is clear that these languages' equivalent words are very much the same and can be translated very phonologically; with cat /kæt/ in English, Katze /katzɛ / in German, kat /kat/ in Dutch and katt /kat/ in Swedish, it becomes kat /kat/ in Germian.

Sometimes many words like hi

sometimes bigger differences, merge words, use creative liberty piiron

create multiple words

sometimes use other germanic languages to even it out

Compound words

When creating a Germian compound word one ought to look at each of the 4 Germanic languages' equivalent words to decide how it will be formed. There are 3 types of compound words in Germian:


Closed compound words

Example: apel + juus = apeljuus ⇄ applejuice

Example: hamburger + brout = hamburgerbrout ⇄ hamburger bun, hamburger bread


Open compound words

Many open compound words function as nouns and are formed by combining a noun with another noun or with an adjective.

Example: video speil ⇄ video game

Example: ful moon ⇄ full moon


Hyphenated compound words

Hyphens are often used when a compound modifies a noun or verb.

Example: CD + - + caifa = CD-caifa ⇄ CD-disc

Example: maind + - + blasperen = maind-blasperen ⇄ mind-blowing

Loan words

Words from any other language that is getting a Germian equivalent will have to adapt the word to Germian phonology and orthography:

Example: déjà vu ⇄ deica vue


Words in the four Germanic languages of which the conlang is based on (English, German, Dutch and Swedish) that are loan words will be treated as any other word:

Example: sushi ⇄ suci

Example: motto ⇄ moto

Example: niche ⇄ niic


Sometimes Germian will loan words directly from one of the four Germanic languages.

Example: Wi-Fi ⇄ Wi-Fi

Example: internet ⇄ internet

Countries & languages

The word creation for country/region and language names should be done through adapting the most standard and prominent endonymic name phonologically for the country/region or language to Germian phonology and orthography e.g. Sverige /svɛrjɛ/ (Sweden) ⇄ Sverje. For languages the suffix "-ic" is added e.g. svenska /svɛnska/ (Swedish) ⇄ svenskaic

Words that are added to indicate specifics like "North" America, "South" America, "West" Frisian and names alike are to be translated to Germian and then added to the country/region or language name accordingly and as a closed compound word e.g. Nordamerika, Saudamerika, Vestfriskic.

Dictionary

Phrases

Jaik heiten... ⇄ My name is... jaik ⇄ I heiten ⇄ to be named, heiße, heet, heter
Vat sain duuse name? ⇄ What is your name? name ⇄ name Spraten duu... ⇄ Do you speak...
Jaik spraten nite... ⇄ I don't speak... Jaik verctond nite. ⇄ I don't understand. Veir sain de toilet? ⇄ Where is the toilet?
Vur sain duu?/Vur sain et? ⇄ How are you?/How is it?, How is it going? Sain duu okee/ok? ⇄ Are you okay? Sain et okee/ok? ⇄ Is it going okay?
okee/ok ⇄ okay/ok jaa ⇄ yes nei ⇄ no
njei ⇄ (yes/no)/well jee ⇄ yeah naa ⇄ nah
maince ⇄ maybe natuuric ⇄ of course kain problem ⇄ no problem
antswer ⇄ answer genau, exakt, presiic, korekt, ret ⇄ exactly, precisely, correct, right inkorekt, falc ⇄ incorrect, false/wrong
tangke ⇄ thanks tangke duu/juu (s./pl.) ⇄ thank you fiil tangke ⇄ thank you very much
stop! ⇄ stop! help ⇄ help akta! ⇄ look out!
sori ⇄ sorry sploristop ⇄ sorry, but please lets stop/end this pardon ⇄ excuse me
spliise ⇄ please ckol ⇄ cheers grelsing ⇄ greeting
haloo ⇄ hello hae ⇄ hi hei ⇄ hey
dae ⇄ good day/bye/dag guutein ⇄ have a good one/goodbye cau ⇄ bye
adjoo ⇄ adieu ferwel ⇄ farewell sees vii ⇄ see you/see you later
wilkom ⇄ welcome/you're welcome moost wilkom ⇄ most welcome/you are most welcome guut morgen ⇄ good morning
guut daag ⇄ good day guut naftermiddaag ⇄ good afternoon guut aufend ⇄ good evening
guut nact ⇄ good night jaik eliibe duu ⇄ I love you Vur fiil sain dit? ⇄ How much is this?

Swadesh+

  1. I ⇄ jaik
  2. we ⇄ vii
  3. you (singular) ⇄ duu
  4. you (plural) ⇄ juu
  5. they (singular proximate) ⇄ xiin
  6. they (singular obviative) ⇄ diin
  7. they (plural) ⇄ dei
  8. this ⇄ dit
  9. that ⇄ dat
  10. here ⇄ heir
  11. there ⇄ daar
  12. who ⇄ viim
  13. whose ⇄ viis
  14. what ⇄ vat
  15. why ⇄ vatfuur
  16. which ⇄ velke
  17. where ⇄ veir
  18. when ⇄ van
  19. how ⇄ vur
  20. what kind of, what something's like ⇄ vurvat
  21. not ⇄ nite
  22. all ⇄ al
  23. none, no, not any ⇄ kain
  24. many ⇄ fiil
  25. few ⇄ veenig
  26. some ⇄ somige
  27. other ⇄ aader
  28. one ⇄ ein
  29. two ⇄ tvei
  30. three ⇄ drii
  31. four ⇄ fiir
  32. five ⇄ faif
  33. big ⇄ groos
  34. small ⇄ klain
  35. long ⇄ lang
  36. short ⇄ kort
  37. wide ⇄ breid
  38. narrow ⇄ smaal
  39. thick ⇄ dik
  40. thin ⇄ dun
  41. heavy ⇄ cveer
  42. light ⇄ leict
  43. female ⇄ femlin
  44. male ⇄ manske
  45. herm ⇄ hermaphrodite
  46. androgyne ⇄ wenle
  47. gender-neutral ⇄ nukjon (nutrei-kjon)
  48. genderless ⇄ zukjon (zunte-kjon)
  49. cultural gender ⇄ qukjon (qultural-kjon)
  50. inter(-sex/-gender) ⇄ jinen(-sec/-kjon)
  51. endo(-sex/cisgender) ⇄ ine(-sec/-kjon)
  52. trans(-sexual/-gender) ⇄ tverc(-sec/-kjon)
  53. diverse/variating/queer ⇄ veirai
  54. human ⇄ huumas
  55. child, youngling ⇄ kind
  56. child, progeny ⇄ cinder
  57. spouse, martial partner ⇄ jaing
  58. parent ⇄ elter
  59. animal ⇄ diir
  60. fish ⇄ fic
  61. bird ⇄ fogel
  62. dog ⇄ hund
  63. louse ⇄ laus
  64. snake ⇄ clang
  65. worm ⇄ wurm
  66. nature ⇄ natuur
  67. tree ⇄ trai
  68. forest ⇄ skoog
  69. stick ⇄ stape
  70. fruit ⇄ fruut
  71. seed ⇄ saed
  72. leaf ⇄ lauv
  73. root ⇄ wrootcel
  74. bark (of a tree) ⇄ bark
  75. flower ⇄ blom
  76. grass ⇄ grais
  77. rope ⇄ roup
  78. body ⇄ bodi
  79. organ ⇄ organ
  80. skin ⇄ skind
  81. leather ⇄ leder
  82. scale ⇄ sqeil
  83. meat ⇄ flec
  84. blood ⇄ blut
  85. bone ⇄ boun
  86. fat (noun) ⇄ feit
  87. grease ⇄ greis
  88. mucle ⇄ muskel
  89. guts ⇄ darm
  90. heart ⇄ hart
  91. brain ⇄ breihin
  92. liver ⇄ leever
  93. egg ⇄ eig
  94. horn ⇄ horn
  95. stinger ⇄ stakel
  96. antenna ⇄ anten
  97. tail ⇄ stvan
  98. feather ⇄ veder
  99. hair ⇄ har
  100. fur ⇄ fel
  101. head ⇄ hovd
  102. face ⇄ sicte
  103. ear ⇄ oor
  104. eye ⇄ ooge
  105. nose ⇄ noose
  106. snout ⇄ snuut
  107. mouth ⇄ mund
  108. beard ⇄ bard
  109. mustasch ⇄ mustac
  110. lip ⇄ lip
  111. tooth ⇄ tand
  112. tongue ⇄ tunge
  113. foot ⇄ fut
  114. leg ⇄ leg
  115. knee ⇄ knii
  116. hand ⇄ hand
  117. finger ⇄ finger
  118. nail (body part) ⇄ nagel
  119. claw ⇄ klau
  120. wing ⇄ ving
  121. belly ⇄ belai
  122. stomach ⇄ maage
  123. neck ⇄ hals
  124. nape ⇄ nek
  125. throat ⇄ keel
  126. back ⇄ rug
  127. breast, boob ⇄ brost
  128. chest ⇄ cest
  129. ass, butt ⇄ bump
  130. anus ⇄ anus
  131. urethra ⇄ uretra
  132. vagina ⇄ vagin
  133. vagina (juvenile) ⇄ vip
  134. clitoris ⇄ klitoris
  135. womb ⇄ wuum
  136. ovary ⇄ oovery
  137. ovum ⇄ oovum
  138. penis ⇄ peenis
  139. penis (juvenile) ⇄ pik
  140. scrotum, ballsack ⇄ skrung
  141. male genitals ⇄ prung
  142. glans ⇄ gleiskel
  143. testicle ⇄ testikel
  144. sperm ⇄ sperm
  145. to drink ⇄ dringken
  146. to eat ⇄ spiitsen
  147. to nibble ⇄ knibelen
  148. to bite ⇄ baiten
  149. to suck ⇄ saugen
  150. to spit ⇄ speiten
  151. to vomit ⇄ sparfen
  152. to blow ⇄ blousen
  153. to breathe ⇄ andemen
  154. to laugh ⇄ lahen
  155. to see ⇄ siien
  156. to hear ⇄ hooren
  157. to know ⇄ visten
  158. to think ⇄ tengken
  159. to smell ⇄ raukten
  160. to taste ⇄ spruufen
  161. to feel (emotionally) ⇄ kenden
  162. to feel (physicaly) ⇄ fuulen
  163. to touch ⇄ rooren
  164. to sense ⇄ sensen
  165. to fear ⇄ frangsten
  166. to sleep ⇄ slaapen
  167. to live ⇄ leven
  168. to die ⇄ cdurden
  169. to kill ⇄ douden
  170. to fight (combat) ⇄ straiden
  171. to fight (struggle) ⇄ kempen
  172. to hunt ⇄ jakten
  173. to hit ⇄ slaagen
  174. to cut ⇄ cneiden
  175. to chop ⇄ haken
  176. to stab ⇄ staben
  177. to share ⇄ deelen
  178. to split ⇄ spliten
  179. to scratch ⇄ skrapsen
  180. to dig ⇄ graven
  181. to swim ⇄ swimen
  182. to fly ⇄ fliigen
  183. to walk, to go ⇄ gouen
  184. to come ⇄ komen
  185. to lie (lay) ⇄ leegen
  186. to sit ⇄ siten
  187. to stand ⇄ standen
  188. to turn (intransitive) ⇄ dreiden
  189. to rise ⇄ staigen
  190. to fall ⇄ falen
  191. to give ⇄ geeven
  192. to take ⇄ neimen
  193. to hold ⇄ halden
  194. to squeeze ⇄ sqeesen
  195. to rub ⇄ ruben
  196. to wash ⇄ vasen
  197. to wipe ⇄ drooken
  198. to pull ⇄ pulen
  199. to push ⇄ druken
  200. to throw ⇄ troiven
  201. to catch ⇄ fangen
  202. to tie ⇄ binden
  203. to sew ⇄ snaien
  204. to count ⇄ reekenen
  205. to say ⇄ saagen
  206. to sing ⇄ singen
  207. to play ⇄ spleien
  208. to float ⇄ flouten
  209. to sink ⇄ zingken
  210. to flow ⇄ floisen
  211. to swell ⇄ svelen
  212. to freeze ⇄ friisen
  213. to burn ⇄ brenen
  214. fire ⇄ fiier
  215. sun ⇄ son
  216. star ⇄ ster
  217. earth ⇄ erd
  218. moon ⇄ mon
  219. salt ⇄ salt
  220. stone ⇄ steen
  221. dust ⇄ stov
  222. gravel ⇄ graus
  223. boulder ⇄ boulder
  224. ash ⇄ ask
  225. mountain ⇄ berg
  226. hill ⇄ houvel
  227. sand ⇄ sand
  228. road ⇄ veeg
  229. water ⇄ vaater
  230. drop ⇄ drop
  231. rain ⇄ regen
  232. river ⇄ flusd
  233. lake ⇄ see
  234. sea ⇄ haav
  235. waterstream ⇄ vaaterstroum
  236. waterfall ⇄ vaaterfal
  237. snow ⇄ snee
  238. ice ⇄ ais
  239. fog ⇄ neevel
  240. mist ⇄ mist
  241. tsunami ⇄ tsunaami
  242. air ⇄ luft
  243. cloud ⇄ woln
  244. sky ⇄ himel
  245. wind ⇄ wind
  246. smoke ⇄ rook
  247. disaster ⇄ katastrof
  248. color ⇄ kolur
  249. paint ⇄ farb
  250. red ⇄ roud
  251. orange ⇄ oranc
  252. yellow ⇄ gelu
  253. lime ⇄ laim
  254. green ⇄ grun
  255. turquoise ⇄ turkois
  256. cyan ⇄ cyan
  257. azure ⇄ azor
  258. blue ⇄ blo
  259. purple ⇄ prila
  260. magenta ⇄ magent
  261. cerise ⇄ ceri
  262. white ⇄ vit
  263. gray ⇄ gro
  264. black ⇄ svart
  265. brown (dark orange colors) ⇄ brun
  266. pink (pale red, magenta, cerise) ⇄ rooz
  267. beige ⇄ beic
  268. light ⇄ lict
  269. hazy ⇄ hazi
  270. dark ⇄ dunkel
  271. night ⇄ nact
  272. day ⇄ daag
  273. year ⇄ jaur
  274. warm ⇄ varm
  275. cold ⇄ kald
  276. full ⇄ fol
  277. empty ⇄ lemtom
  278. new ⇄ nue
  279. old ⇄ old
  280. good ⇄ guut
  281. bad ⇄ slect
  282. ripe, mature ⇄ raif
  283. rotten ⇄ rotnen
  284. clean ⇄ crein
  285. dirty ⇄ smotsic
  286. straight ⇄ strak
  287. bent ⇄ bougd
  288. round ⇄ rund
  289. sharp (as a knife) ⇄ cerp
  290. dull (as a knife) ⇄ dulp
  291. smooth ⇄ glat
  292. ragged ⇄ rugd
  293. wet ⇄ vnot
  294. dry ⇄ drog
  295. near ⇄ neer
  296. far ⇄ faar
  297. right ⇄ rect
  298. left ⇄ lingks
  299. center ⇄ centraal
  300. north ⇄ nord
  301. south ⇄ saud
  302. east ⇄ oust
  303. west ⇄ vest
  304. at ⇄ aton
  305. in ⇄ in
  306. with ⇄ mit
  307. and ⇄ end
  308. if ⇄ ifals
  309. because ⇄ soodat
  310. name ⇄ name
  311. correct, right ⇄ korekt, ret
  312. incorrect, false/wrong ⇄ inkorekt, falc

Wordlists

Texts

Fragments 31

Fragments 31 — Sapfo — Anne Carson

Xiin, fuur jaik, saims eqalaik tsoo de gauds dat manske

das oposit duu siten

end hooren duu neer

spraaken soutlyt


en lahen fryktlyt, das inderde

maaken jaikse hart fladeren in jaikse brost;

fuur van jaik caiken aton duu naur ain kort taid

et sain kain meer moigelic fuur jaik tsoo spraaken


aber et sain als if jaikse tunge sain kaput

end unmidelyt renen ain subtiil fiier over jaikse skind,

Jaik kan nict siien mit jaikse ooges,

end jaikse oors buze


kaudsveit komen over jaik, drerende

graipen jaik overal, jaik sain bleeker

dan greis, end jaik saims neerlyt

tsoo hacdurden.


aber alding must hatauren, sinds ...




That man seems to me to be equal to the gods

who is sitting opposite you

and hears you nearby

speaking sweetly


and laughing delightfully, which indeed

makes my heart flutter in my breast;

for when I look at you even for a short time,

it is no longer possible for me to speak


but it is as if my tongue is broken

and immediately a subtle fire has run over my skin,

I cannot see anything with my eyes,

and my ears are buzzing


a cold sweat comes over me, trembling

seizes me all over, I am paler

than grass, and I seem nearly

to have died.


but everything must be dared/endured, since ...