Universal Languages: Difference between revisions
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! colspan="3" | Central Asia | ! colspan="3" | Central Asia | ||
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! !! {{Rune|[[Folksprak|ᚠᛋ]]}} !! [[Intralingua|IL]] !! [[Interslavic|слов]] !! [[Balkan| Βαλκ]] !! [[Samboka|Sam]] !! [[User:Aquatiki/Dravindian|Drav]] !! [[User:Aquatiki/Neo-Sanskrit|NSS]] !! [[Dan'a'yo|単]] !! [[User:Aquatiki/Indo-Malaysian|IM]] !! <small>[[User:Aquatiki/MSEAL|MSEAL]]</small> !! [[Guosa|Guo]] !! [[User:Aquatiki/Kintu| | ! !! {{Rune|[[Folksprak|ᚠᛋ]]}} !! [[Intralingua|IL]] !! [[Interslavic|слов]] !! [[Balkan| Βαλκ]] !! [[Samboka|Sam]] !! [[User:Aquatiki/Dravindian|Drav]] !! [[User:Aquatiki/Neo-Sanskrit|NSS]] !! [[Dan'a'yo|単]] !! [[User:Aquatiki/Indo-Malaysian|IM]] !! <small>[[User:Aquatiki/MSEAL|MSEAL]]</small> !! [[Guosa|Guo]] !! [[User:Aquatiki/Kintu|Kintu]] !! <small>[[User:Aquatiki/SEDES|SEDES]]</small> !! [[Middle Semitic|MS]] !! [[User:Aquatiki/Zens|Zens]] !! [[Jalpi]] !! [[User:Aquatiki/Caucas|კავ]] | ||
|- | |||
! Script | |||
| <abbr title="Runes">ᚠᛋ</abbr> || Latin || <abbr title="Cyrillic">Кирил</abbr> || <abbr title="Greek">Ελλην</abbr> || 𐲥𐳀𐳘𐳂𐳛𐳔𐳁 | |||
| <abbr title="Brāhmi">𑀩𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀳𑁆𑀫𑀻</abbr> || <abbr title="Kaithi">𑂍𑂶𑂟𑂲</abbr> || <abbr title="Shinjitai/Hangǔl">{{Ruby|新字体|신지테}}</abbr> || <abbr title="Lontara">ᨒᨚᨈᨑ</abbr> | |||
| Burm || <abbr title="N'Ko">ߒߞߏ</abbr> || [[File:Ditema.svg|35px|Ditema]] || ግዕዝ || ܣܘܪܝܝܐ | |||
| 𐬰𐬈𐬥𐬯 | |||
| 𐰪𐰀𐰞𐰯𐰃 | |||
| 𐕒𐕡𐔳𐔼𐕎 | |||
|- | |- | ||
! <abbr title="Arm vs Hand, # of words WALS 129A">arm</abbr> | ! <abbr title="Arm vs Hand, # of words WALS 129A">arm</abbr> | ||
| Line 129: | Line 137: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <abbr title="Word Order (predominant) WALS 81A">WO</abbr> | ! <abbr title="Word Order (predominant) WALS 81A">WO</abbr> | ||
| {{Some|V2}} || {{Yes|SVO}} || {{Yes|SVO}} || {{Yes|SVO}} || || {{No|SOV}} || {{No|SOV}} || {{No|SOV}} || {{Yes|SVO}} || {{Some|VSO}} || {{Some|VSO}} || || {{Yes|SVO}} || {{ | | {{Some|V2}} || {{Yes|SVO}} || {{Yes|SVO}} || {{Yes|SVO}} || || {{No|SOV}} || {{No|SOV}} || {{No|SOV}} || {{Yes|SVO}} || {{Some|VSO}} || {{Some|VSO}} || || {{Yes|SVO}} || {{Yes|SVO}} || {{Yes|SVO}} || {{No|SOV}} || {{No|SOV}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <abbr title="Evidentiality (marked on verb) WALS 7"> | ! <abbr title="Evidentiality (marked on verb) WALS 7">Evid.</abbr> | ||
| {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} | | {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <abbr title="Number of grammatical cases"> | ! <abbr title="Number of grammatical cases">Cases</abbr> | ||
| {{Some|pro}} || {{Some|pro}} || {{Yes|6}} || {{Yes|4}} || {{Yes|16}} || {{Yes|8}} || {{Yes|4}} || {{No|0}} || {{No|0}} || {{No|0}} || {{No|0}} || {{No|0}} || {{Yes|2}} || {{No}} || {{Yes|2}} || {{Yes|7}} || | | {{Some|pro}} || {{Some|pro}} || {{Yes|6}} || {{Yes|4}} || {{Yes|16}} || {{Yes|8}} || {{Yes|4}} || {{No|0}} || {{No|0}} || {{No|0}} || {{No|0}} || {{No|0}} || {{Yes|2}} || {{No}} || {{Yes|2}} || {{Yes|7}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| {{Yes|p}} || {{Yes|p}} || {{Yes|p}} || {{Yes|p}} || {{No|a}} || {{No|p}} || {{Some|c}} || {{No|a}} || {{Yes|p}} || {{Yes|p}} || {{Yes|p}} || {{Yes|p}} || {{Yes|p}} || {{Yes|p}} || {{Yes|p}} || {{No|a}} || {{No|a}} | | {{Yes|p}} || {{Yes|p}} || {{Yes|p}} || {{Yes|p}} || {{No|a}} || {{No|p}} || {{Some|c}} || {{No|a}} || {{Yes|p}} || {{Yes|p}} || {{Yes|p}} || {{Yes|p}} || {{Yes|p}} || {{Yes|p}} || {{Yes|p}} || {{No|a}} || {{No|a}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <abbr title="Gender, number of"> | ! <abbr title="Gender, number of">Gend.</abbr> | ||
| {{No|0}} || {{Yes|2}} || {{Yes|3}} || {{Yes|3}} || {{No|0}} || {{Yes|3}} || {{Yes|2}} || {{No|0}} || || {{No|0}} || || {{Some|10}} || {{Yes|2}} || {{Yes|2}} || {{No|0}} || {{No|0}} || {{No|0}} | | {{No|0}} || {{Yes|2}} || {{Yes|3}} || {{Yes|3}} || {{No|0}} || {{Yes|3}} || {{Yes|2}} || {{No|0}} || || {{No|0}} || || {{Some|10}} || {{Yes|2}} || {{Yes|2}} || {{No|0}} || {{No|0}} || {{No|0}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 152: | Line 160: | ||
| {{Some}} || {{Some}} || {{No}} || {{Some}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Some}} || {{Some}} || {{Some}} || || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Some}} || {{Some}} || {{Some}} || | | {{Some}} || {{Some}} || {{No}} || {{Some}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Some}} || {{Some}} || {{Some}} || || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Some}} || {{Some}} || {{Some}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <abbr title="Clusivity"> | ! <abbr title="Clusivity">Clus</abbr> | ||
| {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} | | {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <abbr title="Typological grouping - Isolating, Fusional, Agglutinating"> | ! <abbr title="Typological grouping - Isolating, Fusional, Agglutinating">Typol</abbr> | ||
| {{No|F}} || {{No|F}} || {{No|F}} || {{No|F}} || {{Some|A}} || {{No|F}} || {{Some|A}} || {{Yes|I}} || {{Some|A}} || {{Yes|I}} || || {{Some|A}} || {{No|F}} || {{No|F}} || {{Some|A}} || {{Some|A}} || {{Some|A}} | | {{No|F}} || {{No|F}} || {{No|F}} || {{No|F}} || {{Some|A}} || {{No|F}} || {{Some|A}} || {{Yes|I}} || {{Some|A}} || {{Yes|I}} || || {{Some|A}} || {{No|F}} || {{No|F}} || {{Some|A}} || {{Some|A}} || {{Some|A}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <abbr title="Perfective/Imperfective mod is a verbal affix/conjugation"> | ! <abbr title="Perfective/Imperfective mod is a verbal affix/conjugation">Perf.</abbr> | ||
| || {{Some}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Some}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} ||{{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Some}} | | || {{Some}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Some}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} ||{{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Some}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <abbr title="Reduplication (full or partial) is a productive part of the grammar WALS 27"> | ! <abbr title="Reduplication (full or partial) is a productive part of the grammar WALS 27">Redup.</abbr> | ||
| {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || | | {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <abbr title="Vowels, number of, counting nasal, length, etc."> | ! <abbr title="Vowels, number of, counting nasal, length, etc.">Vowels</abbr> | ||
| {{Some|7}} || {{Yes|5}} || {{No|6}} || {{Yes|5}} || {{No|6}} || {{Yes|5}} || {{Some|8}} || {{Yes|5}} || {{No|6}} || {{No|6}} || {{Some|7}} || {{Yes|5}} || {{Yes|5}} || {{Yes|5}} || {{No|6}} || {{Some|8}} || {{No|6}} | | {{Some|7}} || {{Yes|5}} || {{No|6}} || {{Yes|5}} || {{No|6}} || {{Yes|5}} || {{Some|8}} || {{Yes|5}} || {{No|6}} || {{No|6}} || {{Some|7}} || {{Yes|5}} || {{Yes|5}} || {{Yes|5}} || {{No|6}} || {{Some|8}} || {{No|6}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <abbr title="Gemination of consonants, beyond marginally"> | ! <abbr title="Gemination of consonants, beyond marginally">Gemin.</abbr> | ||
| {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} | | {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <abbr title="Stress for the clause/utterance is defined by Left/Right edge. No means weight-based"> | ! <abbr title="Stress for the clause/utterance is defined by Left/Right edge. No means weight-based">Stress</abbr> | ||
| || {{Yes|R}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Some|L}} || {{Yes|R}} || {{No}} || {{Yes|R}} || {{Yes|R}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes|R}} || {{Yes|R}} || {{No}} || {{No}} | | || {{Yes|R}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Some|L}} || {{Yes|R}} || {{No}} || {{Yes|R}} || {{Yes|R}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes|R}} || {{Yes|R}} || {{No}} || {{No}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 176: | Line 184: | ||
| {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Some|Spl}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Some|Tri}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{No|Erg}} | | {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Some|Spl}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{Some|Tri}} || {{Yes|NA}} || {{No|Erg}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <abbr title="Tu-Vous Distinction or more politeness"> | ! <abbr title="Tu-Vous Distinction or more politeness">TuVous</abbr> | ||
| || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Some|++}} || {{Some|++}} || {{Yes|**}} || {{Some|++}} || {{Yes|**}} || || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} | | || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Some|++}} || {{Some|++}} || {{Yes|**}} || {{Some|++}} || {{Yes|**}} || || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <abbr title="Possessive Affixes attach to nouns"> | ! <abbr title="Possessive Affixes attach to nouns">Possess</abbr> | ||
| {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} | | {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <abbr title="Polar Question Particle - no means verb form"> | ! <abbr title="Polar Question Particle - no means verb form">Polar</abbr> | ||
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} | | {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <abbr title="Future is a verbal affix"> | ! <abbr title="Future is a verbal affix">Future</abbr> | ||
| {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Some|++}} || {{Yes}} | | {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Some|++}} || {{Yes}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <abbr title="Negation Particle - VA is for verbal affix; auxiliary verb"> | ! <abbr title="Negation Particle - VA is for verbal affix; auxiliary verb">Negat</abbr> | ||
| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Some|aux}} || {{No|VA}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || || {{No|VA}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No|VA}} || {{No|VA}} || {{Yes}} | | {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Some|aux}} || {{No|VA}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || || {{No|VA}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No|VA}} || {{No|VA}} || {{Yes}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 17:03, 15 February 2025
We propose that the world would be better off with ~ 15 Universal Languages (UL). A UL is an International Auxiliary Language (IAL) with a seatbelt. Rather than attempting one IAL for all people, we propose that each UL be suited to the culture and language of a region of the world, respecting naturally arisen boundaries and divisions.
Justification
In the future, regional unity and pride will be seen as desirable. This will be in contradistinction to the 18th through 20th century approaches of Nationalism, which made endless wars and suppressed regionalisms, cultures and language. Esperanto was a fine idea, but it scrubbed across many of the important differences, even just whither broader Europe. The quasi-sprachbund of Standard Average European does not extend to most Slavic nations, so one language to rule them all must be an over-simplification. A slightly finer grain of distinctions yields approximately 15 world languages, as seen below. Within each zone, the UL is taught and mandatory, but no one group or culture claims it as their own. Each UL is a kind of abstraction, an easy to learn language for everyone in the zone, but an artificial golem, unlike natural languages. It is a kind of neutral meeting ground, a no-man's land. Nevertheless, for outsiders, learning a UL is a gateway into grammar and vocabulary for each zone. For insiders, it bridges the gap of "there is no I hate more than the person who is close to me, but still so distant".
While implementation will take time, there can be several phases to helping promote region cooperation and esprit de corps. 1) the language is taught in school electively. Concordantly, "World English" and other attempts to make individual, national languages a lingua franca must stop. 2) Ph.D's and scientific journals must be written in a UL. Parallel versions in the regional language and the UL are published side by side. 3) Public education and progressively public signage are written in the UL. Nothing local or indigenous is ever replaced, but anything with international reach or goals must be communicated in a UL. 4) Finally, the unique writing system of each region (where it isn't already being deployed) is introduced, replacing the reign of Latin or other non-indigenous writing systems.
Map
The effects of European colonization as evident as Intralingua (Romance, in blue) and Folksprak (Germanic, in red) are spread across the globe. The dark green of Interslavic sprawls across Eastern Europe into Asia, but, of course, the population is actually quite thin. The bright green of Jalpi (Turkic) interweaves through Central Asia, as does the dark green-grey of Samboka (Finno-Ugric). Returning to Europe, we see the Balkan sprachbund has its own language, as does the disputed region of the Caucasus, i.e. Caucas.
Moving towards India, we see the former Persian Empire, in the form of Zens. Perhaps a greater degree of unity would be possible in the future, but for now, we divide the Indian sub-continent into Neo-Sanskrit and Dravindian. Continuing east, we see that Maritime Southeast Asia, and Mainland Southeast Asia each have their own language, as does the Sinosphere (CJKV).
Looking to Africa, the Middle East is united around Middle Semitic, extending across the north. The Horn of Africa has long been seen as a sprachbund, here called SEDES. An effort exists already to unite West Africa linguistically, called Guosa. Swahili is largely a Bantu-unifier, but like using English, it is not neutral. We propose the creation of Kintu.
Unlikely candidates are the Native American languages, the Qinghai sprachbund, the Celtic languages, and others. Papua New Guinea seems to have naturally created a creole to meet this exact kind of problem, in the form of Tok Pisin.
Table
| Name | Region | Pop. | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dan'a'yo | Sinosphere | 1500 | Take the phonology of Middle Korean, the writing-system of Japanese kanji, and the syntax of Middle Chinese, and there is a simplified, logical language equally comprehensible to all of the relevant parties. |
| Neo-Sanskrit | Hindi Belt | 1400 | Hearkening back to the good 'ol days, we have created language understandable to any Indo-Aryan speaker. It will be written in a script from which hundreds are descended today. |
| Intralingua | Latinsphere | 800 | Fully utilizing the Latin alphabet, Interlingua is an immediately understandable to Romance language speakers, and English speakers find it even easier than Spanish. |
| Folksprak | Germania | 500 | By returning English to its Germanic roots, the U.S.A.'s hidden divisions become clear and a new era of communication becomes possible, across Northern Europe, and the world. |
| Kintu | Bantusphere | 450 | The eastern region of Africa is dominated by Swahili at present, but it is not a neutral language. An auxiliary language was created for Pan-African purposes. |
| Indo-Malaysian | East Indies | 380 | The region already has a great deal of mutual intelligibility; all that is needed is a regulation and standardization of vocabulary and a neutral grammar to be setup. |
| Guosa | West Africa | 340 | Benin, Burkina Faso, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, Niger, Senegal, Sierra Leone,Togo. |
| Interslavic | Slavisphere | 300 | There have long been attempts to unify the Slavic people under one language, as they once were under Old Church Slavonic. Southern Slavic languages are grouped separately (see "Balkan" below). |
| Middle Semitic | Semitisphere | 290 | The Arabics and Israeli are all designed languages, so why not design a compromise? The Syriac script is also a middle ground, and a helpful linguistic blend to incorporate. |
| MSEAL | SE Asia | 233 | The areal effects of this region are generally recognized, but it will take a great deal of research into the hundreds of barely-documented languages in the region. Perhaps a "Pan-MSEA" movement will arise in the future ... |
| Dravindian | South India | 230 | Despite having been in proximity with the Indo-Aryan languages for 2,000 year, these languages still maintain a separate identity and require their own regional language, often going back to Proto-Dravidian for words and grammar. |
| Zens | Greater Persia | 175 | The Iranian languages will be extremely difficult to unite, given that some are Nominative-Accusative, and some are (Split) Ergative. This will not be easy. The vocabulary and phonology will be very nice, though. |
| Jalpi | Pan-Turkey | 170 | The Turkic people have had a desire to unite for over a century and a half. |
| SEDES | Horn of Africa | 117 | Ethiopia and Eritrea form a long-recognized sprachbund, stretching to include Somalia and Djibouti. Around 90 languages already have much in common. |
| Balkan | Balkans | 60 | Through a long history of living together, an indisputable sprachbund exists in the area. Greek letters make a neutral writing system. |
| Samboka | Samoyed | 26 | These languages have split enormously and have very complicated grammars. |
| Caucas | Caucasia | 23 | May not a meet the definition of a sprachbund, but can be unified |
See also article on Universal Language/Swadesh
WALS
| Europe | India | East Asia | Africa | Central Asia | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ᚠᛋ | IL | слов | Βαλκ | Sam | Drav | NSS | 単 | IM | MSEAL | Guo | Kintu | SEDES | MS | Zens | Jalpi | კავ | |
| Script | ᚠᛋ | Latin | Кирил | Ελλην | 𐲥𐳀𐳘𐳂𐳛𐳔𐳁 | 𑀩𑁆𑀭𑀸𑀳𑁆𑀫𑀻 | 𑂍𑂶𑂟𑂲 | ᨒᨚᨈᨑ | Burm | ߒߞߏ |  |
ግዕዝ | ܣܘܪܝܝܐ | 𐬰𐬈𐬥𐬯 | 𐰪𐰀𐰞𐰯𐰃 | 𐕒𐕡𐔳𐔼𐕎 | |
| arm | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | ||
| WO | V2 | SVO | SVO | SVO | SOV | SOV | SOV | SVO | VSO | VSO | SVO | SVO | SVO | SOV | SOV | ||
| Evid. | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No |
| Cases | pro | pro | 6 | 4 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | No | 2 | 7 | |
| RC | p | p | p | p | a | p | c | a | p | p | p | p | p | p | p | a | a |
| Gend. | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| TPA | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | PA | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | |
| DA | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | |||
| IA | Some | Some | No | Some | No | No | No | Some | Some | Some | No | No | Some | Some | Some | ||
| Clus | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | No | No |
| Typol | F | F | F | F | A | F | A | I | A | I | A | F | F | A | A | A | |
| Perf. | Some | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Some | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | Some | |
| Redup. | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | |
| Vowels | 7 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 8 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 6 |
| Gemin. | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes |
| Stress | R | No | No | L | R | No | R | R | No | No | No | No | R | R | No | No | |
| MSA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Spl | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Tri | NA | Erg |
| TuVous | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ++ | ++ | ** | ++ | ** | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | ||
| Possess | No | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | |
| Polar | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No |
| Future | No | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | No | ++ | Yes |
| Negat | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | aux | VA | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | VA | Yes | Yes | VA | VA | Yes | |
Additionally, only the languages of India have breathy consonants, only IM and MSEAL have obligatory subjects, and only Caucas has labialized velars. Only East Asian languages have classifiers.
