Verse:Mwail/Classical Thean: Difference between revisions
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* The Code of Lady Naa¹³-Xay¹¹ (<- Tentative ModThean reading) | * The Code of Lady Naa¹³-Xay¹¹ (<- Tentative ModThean reading) | ||
== Phonology == | == Late Old Thean Phonology == | ||
=== Simple initials === | |||
* /m n l r/ m n l r | |||
* /p t tθ k kʷ/ p t tz k kw | |||
* /bʰ dʰ dðʰ gʰ gʷʰ/ bh dh dzh gh gwh | |||
* /pʼ tʼ tθʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ b d dz g gw | |||
* /θ s̠ x xʷ ʔ/ z s h2 h3 h1 | |||
* /j w/ y w | |||
=== Nuclei === | |||
/i e a o u iː eː aː oː uː ai au ei eu oi ou/ | |||
=== Finals === | |||
/-m -n -l -r -j -w -mʔ -nʔ -lʔ -rʔ -jʔ -wʔ -ʔ -p -t -k -kʷ, -s, -Cs/ | |||
== The Early Old Thean auxiliary == | == The Early Old Thean auxiliary == | ||
The Early Old Thean clause-initial auxiliary was inflected for subject agreement, tense, mood, and independent vs. dependent clauses in a system about as complex as Colloquial Welsh. In subordinate clauses, the auxiliary often cliticized to the subordinating conjunction used. | |||
The Early Old Thean clause-initial auxiliary was inflected for subject agreement, tense, mood, and independent vs. dependent clauses. In subordinate clauses, the auxiliary often cliticized to the subordinating conjunction used. | |||
The auxiliary had a zero form for the 2nd person present independent. (Cf. Welsh zero for 2sg present) | The auxiliary had a zero form for the 2nd person present independent. (Cf. Welsh zero for 2sg present) | ||
* Present tense affirmative: 1sg ''soi'', 2sg ''sou'', 3sg ''laː'', 1pl.ex, ''sol'', 2pl ''son'', 3pl ''lar'' | |||
* Present tense interrogative, negative: ''bhə-gwhai, bhə-gwhau, bhə-gwhaː, bhə-gwhal, bhə-gwhan, bhə-gwhar'' | |||
* Present tense relative: ''h3iː, h3uː, h3aː, h2ol, h2on, h2or'' | |||
* Focused: ''h1ə-gwhaː'' | |||
** (''dhat muː h1ə-gwhaː h2ay'' 'I am your father') | |||
* Past tense affirmative: ''dzhei, dzheu, dzheː, dzhel, dzhen, dzher'' | |||
* Past tense interrogative, negative: ''h1ə-dzhei, h1ə-dzheu, h1ə-dzheː, h1ə-dzhel, h1ə-dzhen, h1ə-dzher'' | |||
* Future tense affirmative: ''h1ai, h1au, h1aː, h1al, h1an, h1ar'' | |||
* Future tense interrogative, negative: ''h1ə-dhai, h1ə-dhau, h1ə-dhaː, h1ə-dhal, h1ə-dhan, h1ə-dhar'' | |||
* Conditional/subjunctive: ''dhoi, dhou, dhoː, dhol, dhon, dhor'' | |||
== Syntax == | == Syntax == | ||
Revision as of 15:16, 24 March 2025
Textual witnesses
Early Old Thean (perceived as a poetic register during the Late OTh period)
- A rhyming prose tale, The Tale of the Alchemist, committed to writing during the Late Old Thean period
- An Odyssey analogue (with more regular meter)
Late Old Thean (basis of Literary Thean)
- The Code of Lady Naa¹³-Xay¹¹ (<- Tentative ModThean reading)
Late Old Thean Phonology
Simple initials
- /m n l r/ m n l r
- /p t tθ k kʷ/ p t tz k kw
- /bʰ dʰ dðʰ gʰ gʷʰ/ bh dh dzh gh gwh
- /pʼ tʼ tθʼ kʼ kʷʼ/ b d dz g gw
- /θ s̠ x xʷ ʔ/ z s h2 h3 h1
- /j w/ y w
Nuclei
/i e a o u iː eː aː oː uː ai au ei eu oi ou/
Finals
/-m -n -l -r -j -w -mʔ -nʔ -lʔ -rʔ -jʔ -wʔ -ʔ -p -t -k -kʷ, -s, -Cs/
The Early Old Thean auxiliary
The Early Old Thean clause-initial auxiliary was inflected for subject agreement, tense, mood, and independent vs. dependent clauses in a system about as complex as Colloquial Welsh. In subordinate clauses, the auxiliary often cliticized to the subordinating conjunction used.
The auxiliary had a zero form for the 2nd person present independent. (Cf. Welsh zero for 2sg present)
- Present tense affirmative: 1sg soi, 2sg sou, 3sg laː, 1pl.ex, sol, 2pl son, 3pl lar
- Present tense interrogative, negative: bhə-gwhai, bhə-gwhau, bhə-gwhaː, bhə-gwhal, bhə-gwhan, bhə-gwhar
- Present tense relative: h3iː, h3uː, h3aː, h2ol, h2on, h2or
- Focused: h1ə-gwhaː
- (dhat muː h1ə-gwhaː h2ay 'I am your father')
- Past tense affirmative: dzhei, dzheu, dzheː, dzhel, dzhen, dzher
- Past tense interrogative, negative: h1ə-dzhei, h1ə-dzheu, h1ə-dzheː, h1ə-dzhel, h1ə-dzhen, h1ə-dzher
- Future tense affirmative: h1ai, h1au, h1aː, h1al, h1an, h1ar
- Future tense interrogative, negative: h1ə-dhai, h1ə-dhau, h1ə-dhaː, h1ə-dhal, h1ə-dhan, h1ə-dhar
- Conditional/subjunctive: dhoi, dhou, dhoː, dhol, dhon, dhor
Syntax
The Proto-Trans-Sarnathian word order was T1 S T2 V O. In Old Thean, T2 becomes cliticized or lost. In Early Old Thean, T1 is the only word that inflects in a sentence.
In later OTh, T1 becomes an invariable tense or discourse particle