Tveðo

Todo

• yɴfi = truth

Introduction

Tveðo is a Dravidian language spoken in Lõis's Madagascar. It is inspired by Welsh, chemical names and Medh Nghêl.

• 1-10: ont, rhant, mwnt, nant, aent, awr, êzh, eᴛh, ompath, path
• 20-100: îrffath, mwffath, nawsffath, aeffath, awrffath, êzhffath, eᴛhffath, toɴhwr, nwr

Phonology

Consonants

Tveðo consonants

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Velar	Glottal
Nasal	voiceless	mh /m̊/	nh /n̊/		ɴh /ɳ̊/	ngh /ŋ̊/
	voiced	m /m/	n /n/		ɴ /ɳ/	ng /ŋ/
Stop	voiceless	p /p/	t /t/		ᴛ /ʈ/	c /k/
	voiced	b /b/	d /d/		ᴅ /ɖ/	g /g/
Fricative	voiceless	ph, ff /f/	th /θ/	s /s/	sh, ᴛh /ʂ/	ch /χ/	h /h/
	voiced	f /v/	dd /ð/	z /z/	zh, ᴅᴅ /ʐ~ɻ/
Liquid	voiceless		ll /ɬ/	rh /r̥/	ʟʟ /ꞎ/
	voiced		l /l/	r /r/	ʟ /ɭ/
Approximant		w /w/

Vowels

a â ae aw e ê ei i î o ô oe w y

Morphology

Nouns

Tveðo nouns decline in 7 cases and two numbers. The declension system is rather complex as each noun displays several different principal parts and and ending allomorphs also vary based on the noun.

General noun paradigm
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	[0]	[2]c(h)aʟ
Accusative	[1]i or [1]ae	[2]c(h)aʟi
Genitive	[3] + nasal mutation	[2]c(h)eʟ + nasal mutation
Dative	[1]ych	[2]c(h)aʟych
Locative	[1]ol	[2]c(h)aʟol
Ablative	[1]ynol	[2]c(h)aʟynol
Instrumental	[3]il	[2]c(h)eʟil

The declension is best illustrated with example nouns:

pawl 'kind'
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	pawl	pawlchaʟ
Accusative	pawli	pawlchaʟi
Genitive	pawl + nasal mutation	pawlcheʟ + nasal mutation
Dative	pawlych	pawlchaʟych
Locative	pawlol	pawlchaʟol
Ablative	pawlynol	pawlchaʟynol
Instrumental	pawlil	pawlcheʟil

mara 'tree'
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	mara	marancaʟ
Accusative	marathi	marancaʟi
Genitive	mareth + nasal mutation	maranceʟ + nasal mutation
Dative	marathych	marancaʟych
Locative	marathol	marancaʟol
Ablative	marathynol	marancaʟynol
Instrumental	marethil	maranceʟil

maga 'son'
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	maga	magancaʟ
Accusative	magani	magancaʟi
Genitive	magen + nasal mutation	maganceʟ + nasal mutation
Dative	maganych	magancaʟych
Locative	maganol	magancaʟol
Ablative	maganynol	magancaʟynol
Instrumental	magenil	maganceʟil

myᴛhi 'egg'
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	myᴛhi	myᴛhichaʟ
Accusative	myᴛhiae	myᴛhichaʟi
Genitive	myᴛhi + nasal mutation	myᴛhicheʟ + nasal mutation
Dative	myᴛhich	myᴛhichaʟych
Locative	myᴛhiol	myᴛhichaʟol
Ablative	myᴛhinol	myᴛhichaʟynol
Instrumental	myᴛhiil	myᴛhicheʟil

gwîᴅ 'house'
	Singular	Plural
Nominative	gwîᴅ	gwîᴛhcaʟ
Accusative	gwîᴛhi	gwîᴛhcaʟi
Genitive	gwîᴛh + nasal mutation	gwîᴛhceʟ + nasal mutation
Dative	gwîᴛhych	gwîᴛhcaʟych
Locative	gwîᴛhol	gwîᴛhcaʟol
Ablative	gwîᴛhynol	gwîᴛhcaʟynol
Instrumental	gwîᴛhil	gwîᴛhceʟil

Adjectives

Adjectives do not agree with nouns but are conjugated like verbs in predicative position. Attributive adjectives are unmarked.

Examples of attributive adjectives:

• nall 'good'; peri 'big'; cinh 'small'; pazhae 'old'; pydi 'new'

Conjugation of predicative adjectives (present tense):

Personal endings
	Singular	Plural
1	-e	-o
2	-ae	-iaʟ
3.c	-or	-oʟ
3.n	-ad	-an

Example:

• 1sg: nalle; perie
• 2sg: nallae; periae
• 3sg.c: nallor; perior
• 3sg.n: nallad; periad
• 1pl: nallo; perio
• 2pl: nalliaʟ, periaʟ
• 3pl.c: nalloʟ, perioʟ
• 3pl.n: nallan, perian

Adverbs are formed from adjectives with the suffix -og: nallog 'well', pydiog 'again'.

Verbs

Conjugation of sei 'do':

sei-	Non-past
	Singular	Plural
1	sei·b·e	sei·b·o
2	sei·b·ae	sei·b·iaʟ
3.c	sei·b·or	sei·b·oʟ
3.n	sei·b·ad	sei·b·an

sei-	Past
	Singular	Plural
1	sei·d·e	sei·d·o
2	sei·d·ae	sei·d·iaʟ
3.c	sei·d·or	sei·d·oʟ
3.n	sei·d·ad	sei·d·an