Modern Windermere
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Modern Windermere is the sole modern descendant of Classical Windermere. It has remained pretty much unchanged since the time of rith Mărotł.
Diachronics
Phonological history
- ə > 0 after aspirated consonants and fricatives. This makes the voicing alternation in the Classical Wdm. spirants f and th phonemic.
- r > ɹ in the Rhythoed dialect and some regional accents in Wen Dămea
- ł > ś, ş > ṣ
Grammatical history
- Aspect and trigger largely become derivational devices, cf. the development of PIE aspects and Semitic binyanim.
- Grammaticalization of conjugated auxiliaries, leading to a tense system.
Phonology
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ng /ŋ/ | ||||||
Plosive | unaspirated | b /p/ | d /t/ | g /k/ | |||||
aspirated | p /pʰ/ | t /tʰ/ | c /kʰ/ | ' /ʔ/ | |||||
Affricate | ts /ts/ | tsy /tɕ/ | |||||||
Fricative | unvoiced | f /f/ | th /θ/ | s /s/ | sh /ʂ/ | sy /ɕ/ | ch /x/ | ||
voiced | v /v/ | dh /ð/ | |||||||
Resonant | w /w/ | r /ɹ~ɻ~r/ | y /j/ | l /ʟ/ |
Vowels
|
|
- Caveat: ir = ier, ur = uar, etc.
- [ɨ ʉ] are allophones of /i y/ after /ʂ ɹ/.
The Rhythoed dialect
Rhythoed Windermere is non-rhotic: ir ür ur er or are pronounced /iə yə uə eə oə/. The stopd b d g are actually voiced.
Vowels before /ʟ/
Stress
Stress is almost always final, but can be non-final in function words.
Morphology
Verbs
Praveen's last idea for Tigal: auxiliary-based
Auxiliaries
Tense auxiliaries
I | thou | he | she | it | we (exc.) | we (inc.) | you (pl.) | they | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present | mor | moł | mon | mos | mot | mots | mob | mong | mam |
preterite | chelăr | chelăł | chelăn | chelăs | chelăt | chelăts | chelăb | chelăng | chelăm |
future | per | perł | pern | pers | pert | perts | perb | perng | perm |
Syntax
AuxSVO or maybe AuxAVE if ergative
- Mor brits cde clăbüh te tsăgtsog.
- PRES-1SG speak about love and hate
- I speak of love and hate.'