User:Chrysophylax/Skājamāl
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- merger of overlong into long vowels
- *pūkō ( < *pūkô)
- d > þ / r_ / (represent /d/ as [þ] here for later word changes, cf. Go waurd, ON orð) but not after [l], [n], or [m]
- *wurþą ( < wurdą)
- d > ð / V_V (show /d/ = [ð] intervocalically)
- *nimiði ( < *nimidi)
- z > s
/ _#[unconditionally]- *gaisas ( < *gaizaz)
- s > h / _#
- *baisah ( < *baizaz) which later gives bērah
- ō > ā
- markā < *markō
- vowels [+nasal] > vowels [-nasal] [+length]
- *breustā ( < *breustą)
- γ > j / #_V, V_V
- *jaisīþi ( < **gaisīþi), skājah ( < *skōgaz)
- γ > v̄ / V_[+voiced +consonant]
- þ > h / _R
- *mahlā ( < *maþlą) which later gives māl
- ā > ē / [+dental +consonant +nasal]_#
- Spontaneous haplogy (sic).
- *nimði < *nimiði ( < *nimidi)
- f > hw / _V
- *hwehu ( < *fehu)
- þ > s [unconditionally]
- sat ( < *þat), wursā < *wurþā ( < *wurdą)
- d > n / nV_V
- annā ( < *andô)
- ă ĕ ŏ > Ø / _# (unless monosyllabic) (Short vowel deletion rule)
- If a word by result of the short vowel deletion becomes monosyllabic, lengthen the stem vowel for compensation.
- If a word by result of the aforementioned rule terminates in -w, it becomes -u.
- ĭ ŭ > e o / _#
- alo ( < *alu)
- s > h / _R
- j > Ø /#_V
- allā < *jallā ( < *gallō)
- exception j > ē / #_e for disyllabic words
- ēbā < *jebā ( < *gebā)
- h > Ø /V_C, with compensatory lenghtening of the preceding vowel
- mālā < *mahlā ( < *maþlą)
- s > z / V_V
- *keuzanā ( < *keusaną)
- b > v / V_V
- *averanā < *aberanā ( < *gaberaną), ēvā < *ēbā ( < *gebō )
- d > z / V_V
- māzēr < *māðēr ( < *mōdēr)
- z > r / V_V (unless following or preceding syllable already has r)
- *ekorana < *ekozana ( < *gekozanaz)
- h > Ø / #_V
- *ailah < *hailah ( < *hailaz)
- Words of three or more syllables may occasionally experience V > Ø / _#
- ai ei eu > ē ī iu when stressed
- ējum ( < *aigum, pres act 1pl of *aiganą), rīzanā ( < *reidaną~rīdaną), kiuranā ( < *keusaną)
- ērīs 'he/she/it frightens' ( < *gaisīþi) cf. avajs 'he/she/it has' ( < *habaiþi)
Status
1.
a-stems | |||||||
hwarhah m piglet | blātā n sacrifice | ||||||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vocative | hwarh | hwarhāh | blātā | blātā | |||
Nominative | hwarhah | hwarhāh | blātā | blātā | |||
Accusative | hwarhā | hwarhann | blātā | blātā | |||
Genitive | hwarhah | hwarhō | blātah | blātō | |||
Dative | hwarhaj | hwarhamah | blātaj | blātamah | |||
Instrumental | hwarhā | hwarhamah | blātā | blātamah |
These will probably merge to some extent with the a-stems of n gender.
"ō-stems" | ||
ēvā f gift | ||
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Vocative | ēvā | ēvāh |
Nominative | ēvā | ēvāh |
Accusative | ēvō | ēvāh |
Genitive | ēvāh | ēvō |
Dative | ēvāj | ēvāmah |
Instrumental | ēvā | ēvāmah |
2.
"i-stems" | ||||
astih m guest | mare n sea | |||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Vocative | astih | astīh | mare | marī |
Nominative | astih | astīh | mare | marī |
Accusative | astī | astinn | mare | marī |
Genitive | astīh | astjjō | marīh | marjō |
Dative | astī | astimah | mare | marimah |
Instrumental | astī | astimah | mare | marimah |
3.
u-stems | |||||||
attuh m hat | hweho n cattle | ||||||
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vocative | atto | attīh | hweho | hwehū | |||
Nominative | attuh | attīh | hweho | hwehū | |||
Accusative | attū | attunn | hweho | hwehū | |||
Genitive | attauh | attjō | hwehauh | hwehjō | |||
Dative | attī | attumah | hwehī | hwehumah | |||
Instrumental | attī | attumah | hwehī | hwehumah |
First person | Second person | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | *ek *ik1 |
*wet *wit1 |
*wīh *wih1 |
*sū | *jut | *jūh |
Accusative | *mek *mik1 |
*unn | *uss | *sek *sik1 |
*innu | *ihwih |
Genitive | *mīnah | *unnerah | *usserah | *sīnah | *innūrah | *ihwerah |
Dative/instrumental | *mih | *unnih | *ussih | *sih | *innwih | *ihwih |
1 – Unstressed variant
The Lord's Prayer
hwāzēr usserah, sū īre in himinamah
sījje sīna namā ēlagāh,
wirkijē sīna wiljā,
ekwemē sīna rīkijā,
hwa an ersē hwe an himinamah
ēf daebrauzā ussera himmē daē ussih
hworholēt usserāh skuldin ussih
hwe auk wīh hworlētam san skuldan ussih
nuh bring uss in kūtauh ak eablēzī uss
a uvilammē.
Waka, Wāran
- Waka Wāran!
- Ērambāt
- Māte hwijannū
- Hwinn sturkī
- Sterrī ak staut!
- Serh annjalausanū derkanū
- Serh gatā stēnō
- Tā annjā!
- Tā daurū!
"Awake Wodan! Pyre-tender! Meet the foe! Find strength! Stand fast and strike! Through endless dark, through gaps of stones. To the end! To death!"
Example sentences
- sā hweū hwurhte sanā wulhwā hwure avajs
- þō fehū furhti þaną wulfą furi habaiþi.
- 'The cattle has fear of the wolf.'
- þō fehū furhti þaną wulfą furi habaiþi.
- sa wulhwā sā hweū ērīs
- sa wulfaz þō fehū ?gaisīþi. ( PIE *gheis-, cf. Goth. usgaisjan)
- 'The wolf terrorizes the cattle.'
- sa wulfaz þō fehū ?gaisīþi. ( PIE *gheis-, cf. Goth. usgaisjan)
A man says to another man…
This is in step 16 Skājamāl
— O, Hweho!
— Hweho?
— Hwehōh?!
— Ne, hweho!
— Hahā, hweho!