Proto-Tungric is the hypothetical ancestor of the Tungric languages.
Introduction
Proto-Tungric is the result of taking an Italic base and applying a rough approximation of the PIE to Proto-Germanic sound changes.
The Italic base of Proto-Tungric has the following features:
- Lacks merger of original /θ, xʷ, f/.
- Stress similar to Classical Latin.
- Lacks Classical Latin vowel weakenings.
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
Vowels
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns had three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter.
a-stems
|
*akraz m. "field" |
*juką n. "yoke"
|
Nominative
|
*akraz
|
*akrōz, -ōs, -ai
|
*juką
|
*jukō
|
Vocative
|
*akr
|
Accusative
|
*akrą
|
*akrōz, -ōs
|
Genitive
|
*akrī, -as
|
*akrǭ, -aisǭ
|
*jukī, -as
|
*jukǭ, -aisǭ
|
Dative
|
*akrōi
|
*akraiz, -abiz
|
*jukōi
|
*jukaiz, -abiz
|
Instrumental
|
*akrô
|
*jukô
|
ō-stems
|
*þauþō f. "people"
|
Nominative
|
*þauþō
|
*þauþōz, -ōi
|
Vocative
|
Accusative
|
*þauþǭ
|
*þauþōnz
|
Genitive
|
*þauþōz
|
*þauþōsǭ
|
Dative
|
*þauþōi
|
*þauþōiz, -ōbiz
|
Instrumental
|
*þauþô
|
i-stems
|
*minþiz f. "mind" |
*mari n. "sea"
|
Nominative
|
*minþiz
|
*minþēz
|
*mari
|
*marjō
|
Vocative
|
Accusative
|
*minþį
|
*minþinz
|
Genitive
|
*minþīz
|
*minþijǭ
|
*marīz
|
*marjǭ
|
Dative
|
*minþī
|
*minþibiz
|
*marī
|
*maribiz
|
Instrumental
|
*minþî
|
*marî
|
Note: The genitive plural and neuter nominative-vocative-accusative plural are subject to Siever's law.
u-stems
|
*farþuz m. "port" |
*harnu n. "horn"
|
Nominative
|
*farþuz
|
*farþawiz
|
*harnu
|
*harnuwō
|
Vocative
|
Accusative
|
*farþų
|
*farþunz
|
Genitive
|
*farþauz
|
*farþuwǭ
|
*harnauz
|
*harnuwǭ
|
Dative
|
*farþawī
|
*farþubiz
|
*harnawī
|
*harnubiz
|
Instrumental
|
*farþû
|
*harnû
|
n-stems
|
*gemô m. "man" |
*namį n. "name" |
*ankwį n. "fat, grease"
|
Nominative
|
*gemô
|
*gemaniz
|
*namį
|
*namnō
|
*ankwį
|
*anwinō
|
Vocative
|
Accusative
|
*gemanį
|
*gemaninz
|
Genitive
|
*gemaniz
|
*gemanǭ
|
*namniz
|
*namnǭ
|
*ankwiniz
|
*ankwinǭ
|
Dative
|
*gemanī
|
*gemambiz
|
*namnī
|
*namnibiz
|
*ankwinī
|
*ankwimbiz
|
Instrumental
|
*gemani
|
*namni
|
*ankwini
|
Note: Neuter nouns may be declined either as *namį or *ankwį. Generally, neuter nouns ending in *-mį follow the former pattern, while other neuter nouns follow the latter pattern.
ōn-stems
|
*ahtijō f. "action"
|
Nominative
|
*ahtijô
|
*ahtijōniz
|
Vocative
|
Accusative
|
*ahtijōnį
|
*ahtijōninz
|
Genitive
|
*ahtijōniz
|
*ahtijōnǭ
|
Dative
|
*ahtijōnī
|
*ahtijōmbiz
|
Instrumental
|
*ahtijōni
|
r-stems
|
*maþēr f. "mother"
|
Nominative
|
*maþēr
|
*maþriz
|
Vocative
|
Accusative
|
*maþrį
|
*maþrinz
|
Genitive
|
*maþriz
|
*maþrǭ
|
Dative
|
*maþrī
|
*maþribiz
|
Instrumental
|
*maþri
|
z-stems
|
*amōz m. "love" |
*þimfaz n. "time"
|
Nominative
|
*amōz
|
*amaziz
|
*þimfaz
|
*þimfizō
|
Vocative
|
Accusative
|
*amazį
|
*amazinz
|
Genitive
|
*amaziz
|
*amazǭ
|
*þimfiziz
|
*þimfizǭ
|
Dative
|
*amazī
|
*amazibiz
|
*þimfizī
|
*þimfizibiz
|
Instrumental
|
*amazi
|
*þimfizi
|
r/n-stems
|
*jehur n. "liver"
|
Nominative
|
*jehar
|
*jihinō
|
Vocative
|
Accusative
|
Genitive
|
*jihiniz
|
*jihinǭ
|
Dative
|
*jihinī
|
*jihinibiz
|
Instrumental
|
*jihini
|
Pronouns
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Other resources