Proto-Tungric
Proto-Tungric is the hypothetical ancestor of the Tungric languages.
Introduction
Proto-Tungric is the result of taking an Italic base and applying a rough approximation of the PIE to Proto-Germanic sound changes.
The Italic base of Proto-Tungric has the following features:
- Lacks merger of original /θ, xʷ, f/.
- Stress similar to Classical Latin.
- Lacks Classical Latin vowel weakenings.
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
Vowels
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns had three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter.
a-stems
Masculine or neuter.
*akraz m. "field" | *juką n. "yoke" | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *akraz | *akrōz, -ōs, -ai | *juką | *jukō |
Vocative | *akr | |||
Accusative | *akrą | *akranz | ||
Genitive | *akrī, -as | *akrǭ | *jukī, -as | *jukǭ |
Dative | *akrōi | *akraiz | *jukōi | *jukaiz |
Instrumental | *akrô | *jukô |
ō-stems
Usually feminine (but sometimes masculine).
*þauþō f. "people" | ||
---|---|---|
Nominative | *þauþō | *þauþōz, -ōi |
Vocative | ||
Accusative | *þauþǭ | *þauþōnz |
Genitive | *þauþōz | *þaudōsą |
Dative | *þauþōi | *þauþōbiz |
Instrumental | *þauþô |
i-stems
May be any gender. Masculine and feminine are declined the same.
*minþiz f. "mind" | *mari n. "sea" | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *minþiz | *minþēz | *mari | *marjō |
Vocative | ||||
Accusative | *minþį | *minþinz | ||
Genitive | *minþīz | *minþijǭ | *marīz | *marjǭ |
Dative | *minþī | *minþibiz | *marī | *maribiz |
Instrumental | *minþî | *marî |
Note: The genitive plural and neuter nominative-vocative-accusative plural are subject to Siever's law.
u-stems
May be any gender. Masculine and feminine are declined the same.
*farþuz m. "port" | *harnu n. "horn" | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *farþuz | *farþawiz | *harnu | *harnuwō |
Vocative | ||||
Accusative | *farþų | *farþunz | ||
Genitive | *farþauz | *farþuwǭ | *harnauz | *harnuwǭ |
Dative | *farþawī | *farþubiz | *harnawī | *harnubiz |
Instrumental | *farþû | *harnû |
n-stems
Masculine or neuter.
*gemô m. "man" | *namį n. "name" | *ankwį n. "fat, grease" | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *gemô | *gemaniz | *namį | *namnō | *ankwį | *anwinō |
Vocative | ||||||
Accusative | *gemanį | *gemaninz | ||||
Genitive | *gemaniz | *gemanǭ | *namniz | *namnǭ | *ankwiniz | *ankwinǭ |
Dative | *gemanī | *gemambiz | *namnī | *namnibiz | *ankwinī | *ankwimbiz |
Instrumental | *gemani | *namni | *ankwini |
Note: Neuter nouns may be declined either as *namį or *ankwį. Generally, neuter nouns ending in *-mį follow the former pattern, while other neuter nouns follow the latter pattern.
ōn-stems
Masculine or feminine.
*ahtijō f. "action" | ||
---|---|---|
Nominative | *ahtijô | *ahtijōniz |
Vocative | ||
Accusative | *ahtijōnį | *ahtijōninz |
Genitive | *ahtijōniz | *ahtijōnǭ |
Dative | *ahtijōnī | *ahtijōmbiz |
Instrumental | *ahtijōni |
r-stems
Masculine or feminine
*mōþēr f. "mother" | *hanþōr m. "singer" | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *mōþēr | *mōþriz | *hanþōr | *hanþriz |
Vocative | ||||
Accusative | *mōþrį | *mōþrinz | *hanþrį | *hanþrinz |
Genitive | *mōþriz | *mōþrǭ | *hanþriz | *hanþrǭ |
Dative | *mōþrī | *mōþribiz | *hanþrī | *hanþribiz |
Instrumental | *mōþri | *hanþri |
z-stems
*amōz m. "love" | *þimfaz n. "time" | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *amōz | *amaziz | *þimfaz | *þimfizō |
Vocative | ||||
Accusative | *amazį | *amazinz | ||
Genitive | *amaziz | *amazǭ | *þimfiziz | *þimfizǭ |
Dative | *amazī | *amazibiz | *þimfizī | *þimfizibiz |
Instrumental | *amazi | *þimfizi |
r/n-stems
*jehar n. "liver" | ||
---|---|---|
Nominative | *jehar | *jihinō |
Vocative | ||
Accusative | ||
Genitive | *jihiniz | *jihinǭ |
Dative | *jihinī | *jihinibiz |
Instrumental | *jihini |
Consonant stems
*fess m. "foot" | *hafud n. "head" | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | *fess | *fiþiz | *hafud | *hafudō |
Vocative | ||||
Accusative | *fiþį | *fiþinz | ||
Genitive | *fiþiz | *feþǭ | *hafudiz | *hafudǭ |
Dative | *fiþī | *fiþibiz | *hafudī | *hafudibiz |
Instrumental | *fiþi | *hafudi |
Note: The usual ending for the masculine/feminine nominative-vocative singular is *-s (which often leads to minor stem changes), and in the neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular there is usually no suffix. However, there are many nouns that are irregular in these forms.
Pronouns
First person, second person, and reflexive pronouns
First person | Second person | Reflexive | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||
Nominative | *ekō, *ikō | *nōs, *nōz | *þū | *wōs, *wōz | — |
Accusative | *mē | *þē | *sē | ||
Genitive | *mīz | *nasterą | *þīz | *wasterą | *sīz |
Dative | *migī | *nōbiz | *þibī | *wōbiz | *sibī |
Instrumental | *met, *mit | *þet, *þit | *set, *sit | ||
Possessive adj. | mijaz | nasteraz | þawaz | wasteraz | sawaz |
Notes:
- When two forms are given, the first is stressed and the second is unstressed.
- Possessive adjectives are always strong.
3rd person pronoun
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | *iz | *ijai | *ijō | *ijōi | *it | *ijō |
Accusative | *iją | *ijanz | *ijǭ | *ijōnz | ||
Genitive | *izjas | *izjōsą | *izjōz | *izjōsą | *izjas | *izjōsą |
Dative | *immai | *izjaiz, izjabiz | *izjōz | *izjōiz, *izjōbiz | *immai | *izjaiz, izjabiz |
Instrumental | *izjô | *izjô | *izjô |
Neutral demonstrative
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | *sa, *saz | *sōz, *sōs, *sai | *sō | *sōz, *sōi | *sat | *sō |
Accusative | *są | *sanz | *sǭ | *sōnz | ||
Genitive | *sas, *sazjas | *sōsą, *sazjōsą | *sōz, *sazjōz | *sōsą, *sazjōsą | *sas, *sazjas | *sōsą, *sazjōsą |
Dative | *sammai | *saiz, sabiz | *sōz | *sōiz, *sōbiz | *sammai | *saiz, sabiz |
Instrumental | *sô | *sô | *sô |
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | *izaz | *izōz, *izōs, *izai | *izō | *izōz, *izōi | *izat | *izō |
Accusative | *izą | *izanz | *izǭ | *izōnz | ||
Genitive | *izas, *izazjas | *izōsą, *izazjōsą | *izōz, *izazjōz | *izōsą, *izazjōsą | *izas, *izazjas | *izōsą, *izazjōsą |
Dative | *izammai | *izaiz, izabiz | *izōz | *izōiz, *izōbiz | *izammai | *izaiz, izabiz |
Instrumental | *izô | *izô | *izô |