Knrawi

From Linguifex
Revision as of 08:37, 14 July 2023 by Dillon (talk | contribs) (→‎Vowels)
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Knrawi
knrawi
Knrawi.png
knrawìguaa, "Knrawi language" in the Wacag script
Pronunciation[k̠n̩˥ɹɔʍɛ]
Created byDillon Hartwig
Date2020
SettingPollasena
Native toKnrawi Isles
Wasc
  • Knrawi
Official status
Official language in
Knrawi Empire
PollasenaMapGlowPNG2.png
Range map of Knrawi (pink) and Soc'ul' (green)
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Knrawi /kənˈrɑwi/ (standard Knrawi: [k̠n̩˥ɹɔʍɛ]) is an isolate spoken across the Knrawi Empire, with moderate influence from Soc'ul' and other languages of the Knrawi Isles.

Etymology

Knrawi is autonym of both the language and the Knrawi ethnic group. Its further etymology is not known.

Orthography

Knrawi is written with the Wacag logography. Its romanization is as follows.

Knrawi Romanization
a c ch cj e f fh
/a/ /k̟/ /k̟ʰ/ /k̟ˣ/ [ə] [ɸ] [ɸʰ]
fj g h i j k kh
[ɸˣ] /ŋ/ /h/ /ɪ/ /x̠/ /k̠/ /k̠ʰ/
kj m n p ph pj q
/k̠ˣ/ /m/ /n/ [p] [pʰ] [pˣ] /kʷ/
qh qj r s t th tj
/kʷʰ/ /kʷˣ/ /ɹ/ /s/ /t/ /tʰ/ /tˣ/
u v w y z zh zj
/ʊ/ [β̞] /ʍ/ /ɉ/ /θ/ /θʰ/ /θˣ/
á à â
/a˥/ /a˩/ /a˥˩/

Phonology

Consonants

Consonants

Vowels

Vowels
Front Central Back
High ɪ ʊ
Mid (ə)
Low mid (ɛ) (ɔ)
Low a
  • [ɛ] and [ɔ] are unstressed allophones of /ɪ/ or /a/ and /ʊ/ or /a/ respectively
  • Epenthetic [ə] is placed between voiceless consonants and /h/ or /x̠/, and between aspirated consonants and non-nasal consonants; in standard Knrawi an exception is /hC/ clusters

The conditions in which unstressed /a/ becomes [ɛ] or [ɔ] varies by region; in standard Knrawi [ɛ] is the realization adjacent to coronal and glottal consonants or when the previous vowel is [ɔ], and [ɔ] is the realization otherwise.

Pitch accent

Tones

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Rhythm

Syllables are generally mora-timed, with syllables containing long and overlong vowels having two and three morae; in recitations, continuant coda consonants or coda clusters with them may have their own mora, and overlong syllables may instead have four morae.

Phonotactics

Syllables are at most (C(C₁))V((C₂)C), with C₁ being a non-lateral approximant and C₂ being C₁ or /ʔ/, but these maximum syllables are very rare. There are no restrictions on what clusters can occur.

Morphology

Alignment

Knrawi has nominative-accusative morphosyntactic alignment.

Nouns and pronouns

Noun affixes

Possession

Noun negation

Verbs

Copula

The copula su inflects as follows.

Copulae

Serial verbs

Adjectives and adverbs

Adpositions

Numerals

Knrawi uses base-24 numerals.

Numerals
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24
576 13,824 331,776

|}

Nouns are not marked for number when using numerals.

Derivational morphology

Part-of-speech modifiers

Reduplication

Syntax

Constituent order

Word order is flexible with sufficient marking or context, but SOV order is most common in the western Knrawi Isles and VSO order is most common in the eastern Knrawi Isles.

Noun and verb phrases

Dependent clauses

Dependent clauses follow the head they modify after all other dependents, and their head noun is often backed to the end of its clause.

Example texts

Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 1

Thaágg jua r yamúszaq ih r azjnázaq wuicsjḿjr ih r zauákejr. Gufḿqhvi ih guwúiri r̀ iaràm, quatîtg hu qakhúy sugkúkujr.

Thaag-g

person-NOM

jua

all

r

PASS

yamús-zaq

free-bear

ih

and

r

PASS

azjna-zaq

equal-bear

wuícsjm-jr

dignified-ADVZ

ih

and

r

PASS

zauak-jr.

own-ADVZ

Thaag-g jua r yamús-zaq ih r azjna-zaq {wuícsjm}-jr ih r zauak-jr.

person-NOM all PASS free-bear and PASS equal-bear dignified-ADVZ and PASS own-ADVZ


Gu-fmqh-ri

NZ-think-NOM.PTV

ih

and

gu-wui-ri

NZ-good-NOM.PTV

PASS

iaràm,

give

quatît-g

RECP-NZ

hu

JUS.3>3

qa-khuy

do-toward

sug-kuku-jr.

brother-way-ADVZ

Gu-fmqh-ri ih gu-wui-ri r̀ iaràm, quatît-g hu qa-khuy sug-kuku-jr.

NZ-think-NOM.PTV and NZ-good-NOM.PTV PASS give RECP-NZ JUS.3>3 do-toward brother-way-ADVZ

Linguifex-hosted translations

Conlang Atlas of Language Structures-hosted translations

Other resources

CALS

Pollasena Wiki