Nahónda

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Nahónda

Introduction

Nahónda, also known as Nohánda and Nónda, is a language isolate centered in Northwestern Montana. It is bordered by the Lakota Nation to the east, by the Cheyenne to the south, and the Blackfeet and Crow Nations to the north. Along its western border lies the Nez Percé Nation.

Nouns

Independent and Bound Pronominal Forms

Agent Patient
Person Independent Bound Independant Bound
1st sg. yat (yak) tak ya t
2nd sg. inká nk ka n
3rd masc.sg. tun k ta 0
3rd fem.sg yen kc c
3rd neut.anim.sg máke (ma) tskī ma (kīyà) ts
3rd neut.inanim.sg kíya sk s
4th sg. séha kc c



Agent Patient
Person Independent Bound Independant Bound
1st du.excl tsatem tsat tsak at
1st du.incl tsiháka tsak tsihák ak (an)
2nd dual tsitá tsit tsitá
3rd masc.du tsakàl tskál tsakáhal tsak
3rd fem.du tsakìl tskál tsakíhil tsak
3rd mixed.du tsacé tsac tsac tsac
3rd anim.du tsamá tsam tsam tsam
3rd inanim.du tsakìl tskil tsašl tsaš
4th du. tsákce tsakc tsack tsašk



Agent Patient
Person Independent Bound Independant Bound
1st pl.excl hakém km hak ak
1st pl.incl. cayácu cac acù ac
2nd pl catáha ctah táha ta
3rd masc.pl ciláha clah cíla cīlà
3rd fem.pl ciláhe cláhē la la
3rd mixed.pl cilána clan lan lan
3rd anim.pl cikíla cklíha kíla kīlá
3rd inanim.pl ci?áca cyac áca áca
3rd High Public cihòtape cotape hotápe tapè
4th pl. cī?áca cīyac áca acà


Verbs

The polysynthetic Nohandaráy verb follows a templatic paradigm (c.f. Northern Iroquioan languages, Ainu, Minhast, etc).

Nohandaray Verb Template
Category Affix Additional Notes
Temporal Adverbials [placeholder]
Precative [placeholder]
Negator [placeholder]
Irealis (condittional, Optative, etc) [placeholder]
Manner Adverbials [placeholder]

Morphosyntactic Alignment

Nahónda morphosyntactic alignment is classified as the Split Intransitive type, also known as an Active-Stative alignment. Transitive clauses by definition take two core arguments, an Agent, and a Patient. Intransitive clauses take only one core argument. That the verb that core argument takes may denote either a state, e.g. "He is sick", or it may designate an action instigated by the the core argument, e.g. "He jumps". In the first case, the core argument takes marking which indicates it experiences or is affected by the state, while in the second the argument takes another marker which indicates that it instigates an action or event.

Languages of the Split Intransitive type may be further divided into one of two subtype. One type, the Split-S type, divides its verbs into two lexical division: one division is restricted to states; its NP argument is an experiencer or undergoer of the state, and hence takes one type of case marking. The other verbal division expresses events which indicate its core argument functions as an agent; the core argument thus takes marking distinct from that of an experiencer or undergoer. The other Split Intransitive subtype, the Fluid-S type, does not exhibit this verbal distinction: all verbs may serve to indicate state or events; case marking of the core argument depends on its semantic role, it is not preselected based on the verbal class, as Fluid-S type languages do not have distinct verbal classes.

Credits

HTML-to-Wiki Converter (Emiliano Bruni) http://www.ebruni.it/en/software/os/i_love_wiki/index.mpl

Templates

3xN Table

Table Name
Category Affix Additional Notes
[Category Name] [Affix] [Notes]
[Category Name] [Affix] [Notes]
[Category Name] [Affix] [Notes]
[Category Name] [Affix] [Notes]
[Category Name] [Affix] [Notes]