Verse:Schngellstein/Stem-Celtic Nurian
Pestonian (native name: Risened tangu) is an Estonian-inspired descendant of Hivatish.
Numbers: õin, tua, tria, kidur, pik, huu, heht, õst, neu, tis
Tepader! = an oath, like "Jesus" or "Christ" in our English
kuruunaawihuh = coronavirus, kõuvid = COVID
Phonology
Consonants: p b v t d δ k g s z h m n ng w r l j /p b v t d ð k g s z h~χ m n ŋ w ʀ l j/
Vowels: a e i u õ /a e i u ɤ/ + long vowels and diphthongs
Nouns
no gender
Consonant declension
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | valg | valgar |
| Genitive | valga | valgu |
| Dative | valge | valgav |
| Ablative-Locative | valged | valgav |
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | wirδ | werδar |
| Genitive | werδa | wirδu |
| Dative | wirδe | wirδav |
| Ablative-Locative | wirδed | wirδav |
a-declension
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | võga | võgar |
| Genitive | võgar | võgu |
| Dative | võge | võgav |
| Ablative-Locative | võgad | võgav |
i-declension
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | inn | innir |
| Genitive | innir | innu |
| Dative | inne | inniv |
| Ablative-Locative | innid | inniv |
u-declension
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | suht | suhtur |
| Genitive | suhter | suhtu |
| Dative | suhte | suhtuv |
| Ablative-Locative | suhtud | suhtuv |
Athematic declension
Athematic nouns are the most irregular:
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ree | reejer |
| Genitive | reeja | reeju |
| Dative | rei | reejav |
| Ablative-Locative | reejed | reejav |
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | igalu | igalur |
| Genitive | igaluja | igalu |
| Dative | igale | igalav |
| Ablative-Locative | igalud | igalav |
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | anur | anurir |
| Genitive | anure | anuri |
| Dative | anure | anuriv |
| Ablative-Locative | anurid | anuriv |
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | em | emar |
| Genitive | imer | imu |
| Dative | eme | emav |
| Ablative-Locative | emad | emav |
n-stem declension
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | nõma | nõmanar |
| Genitive | nõmar | nõmanu |
| Dative | nõmane | nõmanav |
| Ablative-Locative | nõmaned | nõmanav |
Reborrowed classical nouns
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | wihuh | wihar |
| Genitive | wiha | wihu |
| Dative | wihe | wihav |
| Ablative-Locative | wihed | wihav |
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | bonus | bonar |
| Genitive | bona | bonu |
| Dative | bone | bonav |
| Ablative-Locative | boned | bonav |
Adjectives
Similar to noun declension classes; adjectives before nouns. The u-declension is the regular one for adjectives, except for ones that end in a vowel or -r.
- Nominative: tali wirδ 'long word', taljar werδar 'long words'
- Genitive: talja werδa, talju wirδu
- Dative: talje wirδe, taljav wirδav
- Abl-loc: taljad wirδed, taljav wirδav
Pronouns
| case | 1sg. | 2sg. (familiar) | 3sg. | 1pl. | 2pl., polite | 3pl. | reflexive | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| "he" | "she" | "it" | |||||||
| nom. | ja | tu | sid | sa | sud | am | ju | sir | - |
| acc. | mi | ti | sun | san | sud | ang | jung | sur | hi |
| gen. | min | tiv | siv | sar | ta | angar | jungar | serar | hiv |
| dat. | mõi | tõi | sõme | sõre | tõme | angav | jungav | siv, serav | hõi |
| abl.-loc. | mined, med | tived, ted | sõmed | sõred | tõmed | angav | jungav | siv, serav | hived, hed |
Verbs
TODO: revamp tenses to get split-ergativity, add evidentiality
Unlike Qivattutannguaq, Pestonian is NOT pro-drop.
There is a 2x2 tense structure: {non-past, past} x {imperfective, perfective}.
Ergativity is used in perfect(ive) tenses. The verb agrees with the noun in the absolutive case, and the ergative subject is marked with tar 'through' plus the accusative case: Tar sin teisedõim. 'He will find me.'
As in Hebrew and Russian, some tenses are pro-drop but some tenses are not.
teised "he finds":
- Non-past imperfective: ja teisia, tu teiser, sid/sa/sud teised, am teisim, ju teisid, sir teisud
- Past imperfective: ja teiser, tu teiset, sid/sa/sud teiser, am teiseme, ju teisete, sir teiser
- Past perfective: teisedim, teiseder, teiseded, teisedime, teisedite, teisedud
- Future perfective: teisetõim, teisetõir, teisetõid, teisetõime, teisetõite, teisetõjud
vinned "he binds":
- Non-past imperfective: ja vinna, tu vinner, sid/sa/sud vinned, am vinnam, ju vinned, sir vinnud
- Past imperfective: ja vanner, tu vannet, sid/sa/sud vanner, am vanneme, ju vannete, sir vanner
- Past perfective: vandim, vander, vanded, vandime, vandite, vandud
- Future perfective: vantõim, vantõir, vantõid, vantõime, vantõite, vantõjud
teepudad "he rules":
- Non-past imperfective: ja teepuda, tu teepudar, sid teepudad, am teepudam, ju teepudad, sir teepudud
- Past imperfective: ja teepudar, tu teepudat, sid teepudar, am teepudame, ju teepudate, sir teepudar
- Past perfective: teepudadim, teepudader, teepudaded, teepudadime, teepudadite, teepudadud
- Future perfective: teepudatõim, teepudatõir, teepudatõid, teepudatõime, teepudatõite, teepudatõjud