Proto-Tungric

Proto-Tungric is the hypothetical ancestor of the Tungric languages.

Introduction

Proto-Tungric is the result of taking an Italic base and applying a rough approximation of the PIE to Proto-Germanic sound changes.

The Italic base of Proto-Tungric has the following features:

• Lacks merger of original /θ, xʷ, f/.
• Stress similar to Classical Latin.
• Lacks Classical Latin vowel weakenings.

Morphology

Nouns

Nouns had three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter.

a-stems

Masculine or neuter.

	*akraz m. "field"		*juką n. "yoke"
Nominative	*akraz	*akrōz, -ōs	*juką	*jukō
Vocative	*akr
Accusative	*akrą	*akranz
Genitive	*akrī, -as	*akrǭ	*jukī, -as	*jukǭ
Dative	*akrōi	*akraiz	*jukōi	*jukaiz
Instrumental	*akrô		*jukô

ō-stems

Usually feminine (but sometimes masculine).

	*þauþō f. "people"
Nominative	*þauþō	*þauþōz
Vocative
Accusative	*þauþǭ	*þauþōnz
Genitive	*þauþōz	*þaudōsą
Dative	*þauþōi	*þauþōbiz
Instrumental	*þauþô

i-stems

May be any gender. Masculine and feminine are declined the same.

	*minþiz f. "mind"		*mari n. "sea"
Nominative	*minþiz	*minþēz	*mari	*marjō
Vocative
Accusative	*minþį	*minþinz
Genitive	*minþīz	*minþijǭ	*marīz	*marjǭ
Dative	*minþī	*minþibiz	*marī	*maribiz
Instrumental	*minþî		*marî

Note: The genitive plural and neuter nominative-vocative-accusative plural are subject to Siever's law.

u-stems

May be any gender. Masculine and feminine are declined the same.

	*farþuz m. "port"		*harnu n. "horn"
Nominative	*farþuz	*farþawiz	*harnu	*harnuwō
Vocative
Accusative	*farþų	*farþunz
Genitive	*farþauz	*farþuwǭ	*harnauz	*harnuwǭ
Dative	*farþawī	*farþubiz	*harnawī	*harnubiz
Instrumental	*farþû		*harnû

n-stems

Any gender. Masculine and feminine are conjugated the same.

	*gemô m. "man"		*ahtijō f. "action"		*namį n. "name"		*ankwį n. "fat, grease"
Nominative	*gemô	*giminiz	*ahtijô	*ahtīniz	*namô	*namnō	*ankwô	*anwinō
Vocative
Accusative	*geminį	*gemininz	*ahtīnį	*ahtīninz
Genitive	*geminiz	*geminǭ	*ahtīniz	*ahtīnǭ	*namniz	*namnǭ	*ankwiniz	*ankwinǭ
Dative	*geminī	*gemimbiz	ahtīnī	*ahtīmbiz	*namnī	*namnibiz	*ankwinī	*ankwimbiz
Instrumental	*gemini		*ahtīni		*namni		*ankwini

Notes:

1. Neuter nouns may be declined either as *namį or *ankwį. Generally, neuter nouns ending in *-mį follow the former pattern, while other neuter nouns follow the latter pattern.
2. *ahtijō is an example of a ijō-type n-stem, where expected -ijin- is contracted to -īn-. Similarly, in jō-type n-stems, expected -jin- is contracted to -in-.

ōn-stems

Masculine or feminine.

	*ahtijō f. "action"
Nominative	*ahtijô	*ahtijōniz
Vocative
Accusative	*ahtijōnį	*ahtijōninz
Genitive	*ahtijōniz	*ahtijōnǭ
Dative	*ahtijōnī	*ahtijōmbiz
Instrumental	*ahtijōni

r-stems

Masculine or feminine

	*mōþēr f. "mother"		*hanþōr m. "singer"
Nominative	*mōþēr	*mōþriz	*hanþōr	*hanþriz
Vocative
Accusative	*mōþrį	*mōþrinz	*hanþrį	*hanþrinz
Genitive	*mōþriz	*mōþrǭ	*hanþriz	*hanþrǭ
Dative	*mōþrī	*mōþribiz	*hanþrī	*hanþribiz
Instrumental	*mōþri		*hanþri

z-stems

	*amōz m. "love"		*þimfaz n. "time"
Nominative	*amōz	*amaziz	*þimfaz	*þimfizō
Vocative
Accusative	*amazį	*amazinz
Genitive	*amaziz	*amazǭ	*þimfiziz	*þimfizǭ
Dative	*amazī	*amazibiz	*þimfizī	*þimfizibiz
Instrumental	*amazi		*þimfizi

r/n-stems

	*jehar n. "liver"
Nominative	*jehar	*jihinō
Vocative
Accusative
Genitive	*jihiniz	*jihinǭ
Dative	*jihinī	*jihinibiz
Instrumental	*jihini

Consonant stems

	*fess m. "foot"		*hafud n. "head"
Nominative	*fess	*fiþiz	*hafud	*hafudō
Vocative
Accusative	*fiþį	*fiþinz
Genitive	*fiþiz	*feþǭ	*hafudiz	*hafudǭ
Dative	*fiþī	*fiþibiz	*hafudī	*hafudibiz
Instrumental	*fiþi		*hafudi

Note: The usual ending for the masculine/feminine nominative-vocative singular is *-s (which often leads to minor stem changes), and in the neuter nominative-vocative-accusative singular there is usually no suffix. However, there are many nouns that are irregular in these forms.

Adjectives

An adjective can be strong or weak. The class of an adjective is determined by its strong conjugation. The weak conjugation is originally from a combination of the adjective with a following emphatic particle (akin to Latin enim) that was reanalyzed as an n-stem ending.

a/ō-stem adjectives

*twenaz "good"
Strong
	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*twenaz	*twenai	*twenō	*twenōi	*twenat	*twenō
Accusative	*tweną	*twenanz	*twenǭ	*twenōnz
Genitive	*twenas	*twenōsą, *twenazjōsą	*twenōz, *twenazjōz	*twenōsą, *twenazjōsą	*twenas, *twenazjas	*twenōsą, *twenazjōsą
Dative	*twenammai	*twenabiz	*twenōz	*twenōbiz	*twenammai	*twenabiz
Instrumental	*twenô		*twenô		*twenô
Weak
	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*twenô	*twenaniz	*twenô	*twenōniz	*twenô	*twenanō
Accusative	*twenanį	*twenaninz	*twenōnį	*twenōniz
Genitive	*twenaniz	*twenanǭ	*twenōniz	*twenōnǭ	*twenaniz	*twenanǭ
Dative	*twenanī	*twenanbiz	*twenōnī	*twenōnbiz	*twenanī	*twenanbiz
Instrumental	*twenani		*twenōni		*twenani

Pronouns

First person, second person, and reflexive pronouns

	First person		Second person		Reflexive
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*ekō, *ikō	*nōs, *nōz	*þū	*wōs, *wōz	—
Accusative	*mē		*þē		*sē
Genitive	*mīz	*nasterą	*þīz	*wasterą	*sīz
Dative	*migī	*nōbiz	*þibī	*wōbiz	*sibī
Instrumental	*met, *mit		*þet, *þit		*set, *sit
Possessive adj.	mijaz	nasteraz	þawaz	wasteraz	sawaz

Notes:

1. When two forms are given, the first is stressed and the second is unstressed.
2. Possessive adjectives are always strong.

3rd person pronoun

	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*iz	*ijai	*ijō	*ijōi	*it	*ijō
Accusative	*in	*ijanz	*ijǭ	*ijōnz
Genitive	*izjas	*izjōsą	*izjōz	*izjōsą	*izjas	*izjōsą
Dative	*immai	*izjaiz, izjabiz	*izjōz	*izjōiz, *izjōbiz	*immai	*izjaiz, izjabiz
Instrumental	*izjô		*izjô		*izjô

Reflexive/Intensive pronoun

Strong
	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*safsaz	*safsai	*safsō	*safsōi	*safsat	*safsō
Accusative	*safsan	*safsanz	*safsǭ	*safsōnz
Genitive	*safsas	*safsōsą, *safsazjōsą	*safsōz, *safsazjōz	*safsōsą, *safsazjōsą	*safsas, *safsazjas	*safsōsą, *safsazjōsą
Dative	*safsammai	*safsabiz	*safsōz	*safsōbiz	*safsammai	*safsabiz
Instrumental	*safsô		*safsô		*safsô
Weak
	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*safsô	*safsaniz	*safsô	*safsōniz	*safsô	*safsanō
Accusative	*safsanį	*safsaninz	*safsōnį	*safsōniz
Genitive	*safsaniz	*safsanǭ	*safsōniz	*safsōnǭ	*safsaniz	*safsanǭ
Dative	*safsanī	*safsanbiz	*safsōnī	*safsōnbiz	*safsanī	*safsanbiz
Instrumental	*safsani		*safsōni		*safsani

Neutral demonstrative

	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*saz	*sai	*sō	*sōi	*sat	*sō
Accusative	*san	*sanz	*sǭ	*sōnz
Genitive	*sas	*sōsą, *sazjōsą	*sōz, *sazjōz	*sōsą, *sazjōsą	*sas, *sazjas	*sōsą, *sazjōsą
Dative	*sammai	*sabiz	*sōz	*sōbiz	*sammai	*sabiz
Instrumental	*sô		*sô		*sô

	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*izaz	*izai	*izō	*izōi	*izat	*izō
Accusative	*izan	*izanz	*izǭ	*izōnz
Genitive	*izas, *izazjas	*izōsą, *izazjōsą	*izōz, *izazjōz	*izōsą, *izazjōsą	*izas, *izazjas	*izōsą, *izazjōsą
Dative	*izammai	*izabiz	*izōz	*izōbiz	*izammai	*izabiz
Instrumental	*izô		*izô		*izô

Near demonstrative

	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*istaz	*istai	*istō	*istōi	*istat	*istō
Accusative	*istan	*istanz	*istǭ	*istōnz
Genitive	*istas	*istōsą, *istazjōsą	*istōz, *istazjōz	*istōsą, *istazjōsą	*istas, *istazjas	*istōsą, *istazjōsą
Dative	*istammai	*istabiz	*istōz	*istōbiz	*istammai	*istabiz
Instrumental	*istô		*istô		*istô

	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*gehaz	*gehai	*gehō	*gehōi	*gehat	*gehō
Accusative	*gehan	*gehanz	*gehǭ	*gehōnz
Genitive	*gehas	*gehōsą, *gehazjōsą	*gehōz, *gehazjōz	*gehōsą, *gehazjōsą	*gehas, *gehazjas	*gehōsą, *gehazjōsą
Dative	*gehammai	*gehabiz	*gehōz	*gehōbiz	*gehammai	*gehabiz
Instrumental	*gehô		*gehô		*gehô

Far demonstrative

	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*allaz	*allai	*allō	*allōi	*allat	*allō
Accusative	*allan	*allanz	*allǭ	*allōnz
Genitive	*allas	*allōsą, *allazjōsą	*allōz, *allazjōz	*allōsą, *allazjōsą	*allas, *allazjas	*allōsą, *allazjōsą
Dative	*allammai	*allabiz	*allōz	*allōbiz	*allammai	*allabiz
Instrumental	*allô		*allô		*allô