Eighth edition lekma

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A short introduction

To know more of languages through a miniture language is the reason why lekma,/ˈleχmɐ/ has been/is being made.

A sentence in lekma is consist of, an interjection/connective + adverbial phrase + agent x object x verb + adverbial phrase + a complement(subject/topic) x a particle(, is it? thing).


Phonology

  • Graphemes of each phonemes are listed below.

Consonants

Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Retroflex Alveolo-palatal Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Epiglottal Glottal
Nasal m
m
n
n
ɳ
nr
ɲ
nh
ŋ
un,-nn
Plosive p b
ff,b b,rb
t d
tt,t,d d,rd
k g
k,c c,rc
ʔ
kk
Affricate t͡s
tz
ʈ͡ʂ
tr
t͡ɕ
th
Fricative f
f
θ
cz
s
s
ʂ
sr
ɕ
sh
χ
-k,ch
ɦ
hh
Approximant ʋ
v
j
i-
Trill ʀ
hr
Flap or tap ɾ
-r,-rr-
Lateral app. l
l
ʎ
lh


Vowels

Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close i y
i ü
ɯ u
û u
Close-mid e ø
e ö
o
o
Open-mid ʌ
ô
Near-open ɐ
â
Open ä
a

Morpheme/Particle of nouns

noun root word
the agent of a transitive verb the subject/locative of an intransitive verb the direct/indirect object of a verb possessive form plural form plural possessive form
*ac/ʔɐk/ sac/sɐk/ nac/nɐk/ ac/ʔɐk/ ács/ʔäks/ sácen,nácen,ácen/ʔäːgen/ ácens/ʔäːgens/ I
*üe/ʔyː/ sü/syː/ nü/nyː/ üe/ʔyː/ ües/ʔyːs/ süen,nüen,üen/ʔyːen/ üens/ʔyːens/ You
*hhia/ɦiä/ íasaé/ɦiänsäe/ íanaé/ɦiänäe/ hhia/ɦiä/ ías/ɦiäs/ sian,nian,ían/ɦiän/ íans/ɦiäns/ They (singular)
*kkae/ʔae/ aesaé/ʔaesäe/ aenaé/ʔaenäe/ àe/ʔae/ àes/ʔais/ saen,naen,àen/ʔain/ àens/ʔaens/ Thing

Morpheme/Particle of verbs

verb root verbal form verbal subjunctive form verbal connective form noun-like form word
present/habitual the motion is in the future -ing, /if thing the motion is incomplete the motion is completed
*sel/sel/ ser/sel/,[seɾ] seat/seɦät/ sád/säːt/ selínde/selindɐ/ selínt/selint/ be
*bal/bäl/ bar/bäl/,[bäɾ] baat/bäɦät/ bád/bäːt/ balínde/bälindɐ/ balínt/bälint/ have
*tel/tel/ ter/tel/,[teɾ] teat/teɦät/ tád/täːt/ telínde/telindɐ/ telínt/telint/ hang,raise

(Swadesh list)

± Lexicon *development
  • I: kkac
  • you (singular): kküe
  • he: hhonn
  • we: ácen
  • you (plural): üen
  • they: hhian
  • this : torce/toc
  • that: kkae
  • here: tocma
  • there: àema
  • who: hhia/lhia
  • what: kvo
  • where: kvima
  • when: kvatzui
  • how:
  • not: né
  • all: sve
  • many: mul
  • some:
  • few:
  • other:
  • one: ená/esá
  • two: dua
  • three: mal
  • four: kut
  • five: unal
  • big:
  • long:
  • wide:
  • thick:
  • heavy:
  • small:
  • short: kul
  • narrow:
  • thin:
  • woman: luó
  • man (adult male): luó
  • man (human being): hhan/luó
  • child:
  • wife:
  • husband:
  • mother: mama
  • father: tata
  • animal: iá
  • fish: fisk
  • bird: tofli
  • dog: kvon
  • louse:
  • snake: iá
  • worm: olm
  • tree: baim
  • forest: bosk
  • stick:
  • fruit: fam
  • seed:
  • leaf: iüo
  • root: lad
  • bark (of a tree):
  • flower: chúa
  • grass:
  • rope: sinn
  • skin: ffal
  • meat:
  • blood:
  • bone:
  • fat (noun):
  • egg:
  • horn:
  • tail:
  • feather: fie
  • hair:
  • head: kab
  • ear: olhe
  • eye: ain
  • nose: nes
  • mouth:
  • tooth: tzann
  • tongue (organ):
  • fingernail:
  • foot:
  • leg: baim
  • knee:
  • hand: tec
  • wing: fie/fiem
  • belly:
  • guts:
  • neck: nec
  • back: tzüc
  • breast: ffec
  • heart: kel
  • liver:
  • to drink: sif
  • to eat: nham
  • to bite:
  • to suck: sif
  • to spit:
  • to vomit:
  • to blow: bol
  • to breathe:
  • to laugh: hrak
  • to see: vis
  • to hear: sanh
  • to know: can/kacnu
  • to think:
  • to smell: nes
  • to fear:
  • to sleep:
  • to live:
  • to die:
  • to kill: sral
  • to fight: sral
  • to hunt:
  • to hit:
  • to cut:
  • to split:
  • to stab:
  • to scratch: skil
  • to dig:
  • to swim: svim
  • to fly: fel
  • to walk: salka
  • to come: salka
  • to lie (as in a bed): líc
  • to sit:
  • to stand: hrec
  • to turn (intransitive):
  • to fall: fel
  • to give:
  • to hold:
  • to squeeze:
  • to rub: vask
  • to wash: vask
  • to wipe:
  • to pull: tec
  • to push: tec/ffon
  • to throw:
  • to tie:
  • to sew:
  • to count: teltztif
  • to say: sö
  • to sing: séune
  • to play: bil
  • to float:
  • to flow: lom
  • to freeze: tril
  • to swell:
  • sun: hrá
  • moon:
  • star:
  • water: vad
  • rain: lein
  • river: lene
  • lake:
  • sea:
  • salt:
  • stone: she
  • sand:
  • dust:
  • earth: thi
  • cloud:
  • fog:
  • sky:
  • wind:
  • snow:
  • ice: tril
  • smoke:
  • fire: feu
  • ash:
  • to burn:
  • road: vei
  • mountain: mon
  • red: hrot
  • green: léu
  • yellow: kel
  • white: hrát
  • black:
  • night:
  • day: rdi
  • year:
  • warm: nôk
  • cold: tril
  • full:
  • new:
  • old:
  • good: bim
  • bad:
  • rotten:
  • dirty: mud
  • straight: baim
  • round: kadbal
  • sharp (as a knife):
  • dull (as a knife):
  • smooth:
  • wet: vadmui
  • dry: sek
  • correct: baim
  • near: tocma
  • far:
  • right:
  • left:
  • at: tzúi
  • in: ins
  • with: múi
  • and: e
  • if: o
  • because:
  • name: nám