Eighth edition lekma

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A short introduction

To know more of languages through a miniture language which is to be a measure of the capabilities, is the reason why lekma,/ˈleχmɐ/ has_been/is_being made.

A sentence in lekma consists of, an interjection/connection + agent × object × verb ÷ adverbial phrase + a complement(subject/topic) × a particle(, is it? thing).


Phonology

  • Graphemes of each phonemes are listed below.

Consonants

Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Retroflex Alveolo-palatal Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Epiglottal Glottal
Nasal m
m
n
n
ɳ
nr
ɲ
nh
ŋ
un,-nn
Plosive p b
ff,b b,rb
t d
tt,t,d d,rd
k g
k,c c,rc
ʔ
kk,`
Affricate t͡s
tz
ʈ͡ʂ
tr
t͡ɕ
th
Fricative f
f
θ
cz
s
s
ʂ
sr
ɕ
sh
χ
-k,ch
ɦ
hh
Approximant ʋ
v,u-
j
i-
Trill ʀ
hr
Flap or tap ɾ
-r,-rr-
Lateral app. l
l
ʎ
lh


Vowels

Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
Close i y
i ü
ɯ u
û u
Close-mid e ø
e ö
o
o
Open-mid ʌ
ô
Near-open ɐ
â
Open ä
a

CVC's List)

± phonotactics *development
  • C
  • k
  • t
  • lh
  • sr
  • nr
  • V
  • a
  • á;ae;ai
  • e
  • ö;eu
  • oi
  • C
  • nn
  • h
  • tz
  • cz
  • t
  • ns
  • sk


Declension

noun root word
the agent of a transitive verb the subject/locative of an intransitive verb the direct/indirect object of a verb possessive form plural form plural possessive form
*ac/ʔɐk/ sac/sɐk/ nac/nɐk/ uac/ʋɐk/[ʔɐk] ács/ʔäks/ sácen,nácen,ácen/ʔäːgen/ ácens/ʔäːgens/ I
*üe/ʔyː/ sü/syː/ nü/nyː/ uü/ʋyː/[ʔyː] uües/ʋyːs/ süen,nüen,ʋüen/ʔyːen/ uüens/ʔyːens/ You
*hhia/ɦiä/ íasaé/ɦiänsäe/ íanaé/ɦiänäe/ hhia/ɦiä/ ías/ɦiäs/ sian,nian,ían/ɦiän/ íans/ɦiäns/ They (singular)
*kkae/ʔae/ aesaé/ʔaesäe/ aenaé/ʔaenäe/ àe/ʔae/ àes/ʔais/ saen,naen,àen/ʔain/ àens/ʔaens/ Thing

Conjugation

verb root indicative form subjunctive form connective form noun-like form word
present/habitual the motion is futural -ing, /if the motion is incomplete the motion is completed
*sel/sel/ ser/sel/,[seɾ] seat/seɦät/ sád/säːt/ selínde/selindɐ/ selínt/selint/ be
*bal/bäl/ bar/bäl/,[bäɾ] baat/bäɦät/ bád/bäːt/ balínde/bälindɐ/[bäˈindɐ] balínt/bälint/[bäˈint] have
*tel/tel/ ter/tel/,[teɾ] teat/teɦät/ tád/täːt/ telínde/telindɐ/[teˈindɐ] telínt/telint/[teˈint] hang,raise

Swadesh List

± Lexicon *development
  • I: kkac
  • you (singular): kküe
  • he: hhonn
  • we: kkácen
  • you (plural): kküeen
  • they: hhian
  • this : torce,toc/iá
  • that: kkáe
  • here: tocma
  • there: àema
  • who: hhia/lhia
  • what: kva
  • where: kvime
  • when: kvatzuí
  • how: kvamuí
  • not: né
  • all: àen
  • many: àens
  • some: de àen
  • few: làes
  • other: né daes
  • one: ená,ésa
  • two: tzue
  • three: mal
  • four: cut
  • five: unal
  • big: lhens
  • long: naelhens
  • wide:
  • thick:
  • heavy:
  • small:
  • short: kul
  • narrow:
  • thin:
  • woman: lhuó
  • man (adult male): lhuó
  • man (human being): hhan/lhuó
  • child:
  • wife:
  • husband:
  • mother: máma
  • father: táta
  • animal: this
  • fish: fisk
  • bird: toflie
  • dog: cúon
  • louse: lús
  • snake: iá
  • worm: hhom
  • tree: rbaim
  • forest: rbosk
  • stick: baunel
  • fruit: fam
  • seed: fam
  • leaf: hhüo
  • root: lád
  • bark (of a tree):
  • flower: lilisen
  • grass: ladlili
  • rope: sinn
  • skin: bäl
  • meat: salk
  • blood: salk
  • bone:
  • fat (noun):
  • egg: ai
  • horn: kol
  • tail:
  • feather: fie
  • hair: tetr
  • head: kabi
  • ear: olhen
  • eye: ain
  • nose: nes
  • mouth:
  • tooth: tzann
  • tongue (organ): tzann
  • fingernail: tzann
  • foot: rbaim
  • leg: rbaim
  • knee: rbaim
  • hand: tec
  • wing: fiem
  • belly: mac
  • guts: mac
  • neck: nec
  • back: tzüc
  • breast: ffec
  • heart: kel
  • liver: kel
  • to drink: sifel
  • to eat: nham
  • to bite: tzaunel
  • to suck: sifel
  • to spit:
  • to vomit:
  • to blow: bolel
  • to breathe: nesel
  • to laugh: hrak
  • to see: vis
  • to hear: sanhel
  • to know: can,kacnu
  • to think: canel
  • to smell: nesel
  • to fear:
  • to sleep:
  • to live: súmel
  • to die: né súmel
  • to kill: sral
  • to fight: sral
  • to hunt:
  • to hit:
  • to cut: kul
  • to split:
  • to stab: binn
  • to scratch: skilel
  • to dig: binn
  • to swim: svím
  • to fly: fei
  • to walk: salka,salkel
  • to come: salka
  • to lie (as in a bed): lob
  • to sit: sidel
  • to stand: hrec
  • to turn (intransitive):
  • to fall: feiel
  • to give:
  • to hold:
  • to squeeze:
  • to rub: vask
  • to wash: vask
  • to wipe:
  • to pull: tec
  • to push: tec/ffon
  • to throw:
  • to tie:
  • to sew:
  • to count: teltzif
  • to say: soe
  • to sing: séunel
  • to play: rbil
  • to float: lom
  • to flow: lom
  • to freeze: íelel
  • to swell: rcol
  • sun: hrá
  • moon: daehrá
  • star: lucz
  • water: súm
  • rain: lein
  • river: léne
  • lake: léne
  • sea: léneen
  • salt:
  • stone: shè
  • sand: sa
  • dust:
  • earth: thi
  • cloud: küt
  • fog: küt
  • sky: séo
  • wind:
  • snow: srnee
  • ice: íelen
  • smoke:
  • fire: féu
  • ash:
  • to burn:
  • road: vei
  • mountain: mon
  • red: hrot
  • green: léu
  • yellow: col
  • white: hrát
  • black: dal
  • night: dal
  • day: rdi
  • year: iálen
  • warm: nôk
  • cold: íels
  • full:
  • new: bil
  • old: né bil
  • good: hhim
  • bad:
  • rotten:
  • dirty: mud
  • straight: baim
  • round: kadbal
  • sharp (as a knife):
  • dull (as a knife):
  • smooth:
  • wet: súmmuí
  • dry: sekel
  • correct: baim
  • near: tocmáf
  • far: naemáf
  • right:
  • left:
  • at: tzúi
  • in: lheens
  • with: múi
  • and: e,elk
  • if: o,sôm
  • because: fúi
  • name: námel