Verse:Lõis/Thurish
Thurish /ˈθɚrɪʃ/ THER-ish (natively þawrysko or þawrysk word /θɐwˈrɨsk woɖ/; þawrysk is cognate to Lith. šiaurė 'north') is a Balto-Slavic language spoken in western Russia, Finland and Scandinavia. It's the most spoken Balto-Slavic language in the Unbegotten timeline; it is neither Baltic nor Slavic, and belongs to its own fictional branch of Balto-Slavic. It has a bit of Slavic like palatalization early on but turns them into geminates or Greekifies them (ly > ll > ɬ etc.).
Warhinysko has lost the Balto-Slavic pitch accent system. Some vowel reflexes differ by accent; the PBS acute makes vowels RTR and thus has RTR-like effects on vowels (i > e, u > o, a > o in some cases). Stress is weakly final.
It is inspired by Welsh, Greek, and Hebrew.
PBS *dōra, *źemē, *waljā, *źwēris > *dōrə, *źemmē₁, *wallā, *ẑē₁rɨ > duar, jehmy, wəllo, ghierə /duər, ðehmɨ, wəɬo, ʀiərə/ "gift, earth, pleasure, animal"
dear? dêr? = tree (derwan > *dē₂r)
- dʰer-mos > dermas 'is suitable' > derm "good" (~ firmus, dharma)
Ăh wordin þawryske derm /əx wɐ'ɖin θəwrɨs'kɛ 'dɛrɛm/ = I speak Thurish well
giwiþ = to live
TODO: Russian/Hebrew-esque vowel reduction
Declension
Warhinysko has 5 cases: nominative, accusative, oblique-ergative, genitive, and vocative. The oblique-ergative was formed from a merger of the PBS dative, instrumental and locative cases.
Thurish has lost IE grammatical gender. However, like in Slavic languages, there is an animacy distinction: the accusative case is the same as the genitive for animate nouns and the same as the nominative for inanimate nouns.
- Llawbin mina jenos = I love my wife (animate)
- Llawbin min wordard = I love my language (inanimate)
o-stem declension
| wylk = wolf | guolo = head | morr /mor̥/ = sea | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| Nominative | wylk | wylke | guolo | guolos | morr | morre |
| Genitive | wylka | wylku | guolos | guolu | morra | morru |
| Accusative | wylka | wylku | guolo | guolos | morr | morre |
| Oblique-Ergative | wylki | wylkăn | guole | guolon | morri | morrăn |
| Vocative | wylky! | wylke! | guolă! | guolos! | morry! | morre! |
i-stem declension
u-stem declension
ma-declension
| werrma = time (m.) | karma = result (m.)* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| Nominative | werrma | werrmyno | karma | karmyno |
| Genitive | werrmyn | werrmynu | karmyn | karmynu |
| Accusative | werrma | werrmyno | karma | karmyno |
| Oblique-Ergative | werrmyni | werrmynăn | karmyni | karmynăn |
| Vocative | werrma! | werrmyno! | karma! | karmyno! |
(*In-universe source of the English word karma)
Pronouns
| case | 1sg. | 2sg. (familiar) | 3sg. | 1pl. | 2pl., polite | 3pl. | refl. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| he | she | it | |||||||
| nom. | ăh | tu | săn | so | tăt | mus | wus | se | - |
| acc. | myna | twa | ja | jo | tăt | năs | wăs | jus | swa |
| gen. | myn, possessive min | tyw, possessive tin | ja | jos | ta | nah | wah | juh | syw, possessive sin |
| obl. | myni | twi | jam | je | tam | nan | wan | jun | swi |
Verbs
Warhynisko has three different regular verb paradigms:
- -oþ verbs (merger of Lithuanian -oti, PS -ati and Lithuanian -ėti, PS -ěti; verbs that come from -ēʔtei become Greekified); e.g. jynoþ 'to know' (~ Pol. znać, Lith. žinoti); uðoþ 'to move' (~ Lith. judėti); ustêtoþ 'to result (from)' (~ Lith. tekėti)
- -iþ verbs (~ Lithuanian -yti, PS -iti); e.g. ărbiþ 'to work'; wordiþ 'to speak'
- -þ or -t verbs (~ Lithuanian -ti, PS -ti); e.g. nest, neþ- 'to carry'
jynoþ 'to know':
- Present tense: jynon, jynoh, jyno, jynom, jynoþy, jynos
- Present participle: jynos (m sg), jynosy (f sg), jynosi (m pl), jynosys (f pl)
- Past participle: jynot (m sg), jynoto (f sg), jynote (m pl), jynotos (f pl)
- Past tense: jynot es, jynote sos
- Future tense: jynos bûsu, jynos bûs, jynos bus, jynosi bûsăm, jynosi bûsy, jynosi bus
- Imperative: jynon! (sg), jynosyn! (pl)
Conjugation of beroþ 'to give birth' (irregular):
- Present tense: berăn, berăh, ber, berăm, berăþy, beras
- Past tense (suppletive, from *eḱs + imti, also split ergative): hymt(o) es, hymte/os es
- agreement of the participle is with the direct object, unless the object is 1st or 2nd person in which case it's just "hymt es"
Sample text
UDHR
Wyþe llawðe sy răðis sobyne i arwyne yn sne gădynaþi i 'n snăn tiestwăn. Saws se yndărote su arrumi i săwesti i saws winyne păstămpoþ nopri inin yn dawsi broþyrtwa.