Sceptrian

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Sceptrian (batop lushar or lusha) is an a priori language created for the fantasy world Akekata by juhhmi.

History

Lore: Sceptrian language, named after the Sceptre peninsula, derives from Lutian language used in the Empire of Western Sceptre. With its 12 million native speakers, Sceptrians outnumber Khattish and Guddean, the other main West-Herookuan languages.

Basic Grammar

Fusional, verb-subject-object, two numbers, three persons, three noun classes, nine inflected cases with absolutive-ergative alignment

Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal m
m
n ń
n
ng
ŋ
Plosive p b
p b
t d
t d
k g
k g
q
q
Fricative f v
f v
th dh
θ ð
s z
s z
sh zh
ʃ ʒ
h
x
h
ç
h
h
Affricate ts
t͡s
tsh
t͡ʃ
Approximant j
j
Trill r ŕ
r
Lateral pl bl
pˡ bˡ
tl dl
tˡ dˡ
l sl
l ɬ
kl gl
kˡ gˡ
  • Letter r is used with consonants for /r̩/ and between vowels for /r/, but after vowels in the end of syllables for rhoticization or /ɚ/. Letter ŕ is used to emphasize the use of /r/ after vowels /ər/.
  • Similarly letter n can appear with nasalization but ń always as /n/: an /ã/ vs. /an/. With ng /ŋ/, the accent signals lengthening eńge /eŋ:e/
  • Letter h has three allophones: /x/ appears word-finally, /ç/ with front vowels and /h/ with back vowels


Vowels

Front Central Back
Close i
i
u
u
Close-mid e
e
Mid o
ə
Open-mid é oe
ɛ œ
ó
ɔ
Near-open ae
æ
Open a
ä
a
ɑ
  • There are five modified vowel sounds which may be used for grammatical purposes (tense, aspect, mood; cases, possessive affixes...)
    • Lengthening: paa /pä:/, pée /pɛ:/, póo /pɔ:/.
      • In compact notation, a bar may be used: /ɔ:/ and ō /ə:/
    • Lateral release: plo /pˡə/, tla /tˡä/
      • Compact notation utilizes the breve diacritic: /tˡə/
    • Nasalization: on /ə̃/, /ɔn/, back vowels always between two nasals and after short ng: mónge /mɔ̃ŋẽ/, but with front vowel and long ńg: nińge /niŋ:e/
      • In compact notation, tilde is added: õ /ə̃/, on /ən/
    • Rhotacization: or /ɚ/, /ər/ or /r/, ar /ä˞/, /är/.
      • In compact notation, diaeresis can be used: ö /ɚ/, or /ər/
    • Aspiration/breathy voice: pho /pʰə/, bho /bʱə/, tha /θä/, dha /ðɑ/.
      • Compact notation uses grave accent: /pʰə/, /pʰɔ/
  • (Not with every vowel or different results?)

Diphtongs

oi /ɔɪ̯/, ei /ɛɪ̯/, ou /ɔʊ̯/

Phonotactics

Syllabic consonants: /tl̩ɬ/, /θr̩n/

Orthography

Script from auman templar/jauhmö --> ligatures!

Morphology

Pronouns

Personal

Polite versions as well (which influenced Aoma) Third person only as demonstratives

Nouns

Numbers SG and PL

Classes

Abstract, animate and inanimate which can be fully recognized from their singular dative form endings, k, i and éi.

  • Abstract (Ab) class contains concepts, emotions, divine and magical subjects, verb forms etc., and they end in either vowel a, ó or i. Those ending with i lack all the plural forms.
  • Animate (An) class is preserved for nouns related to living things, e.g. people, animals, body parts, plants and comestibles, whose ending is either a fricative (f, th, s, sh, h), nasal (m, n, ng) or vowel u. Mass nouns, such as meat, milk and food, have nasal endings.
  • Inanimate (In) class has nouns such as objects, places and natural formations whose endings are either plosives (p, t, k) or consonant l. Inanimate mass nouns, e.g. sand, salt and water, appear in the l-ending group which also lacks plural forms.

Declension

Cases:

  • Absolutive (ABS): Unmarked base form for subjects of intransitive and objects of transitive verbs
  • Ergative (ERG): Agents of transitive verbs
  • Dative (DAT): Indirect object; alienable possession (his house); comparison (with ADJ comparative)
  • Possessive (POS): Inalienable possession (his head)
  • Instrumental-comitative (INS): Using something; with someone; in antipassive constructions
  • Lative (LAT): Movement to (+sublative (surface))
  • Locative-temporal (LOC-TEMP): Place (+superessive); time (when/duration...verb telicity); with some adpositions
  • Ablative (ABL): Movement from (+delative); causal construction with particle ...
  • Vocative (VOC): addressing (people, gods); interjections
Classes and desinences
Abstract Animate Inanimate
A i F N u P r
SG PL SG PL SG PL SG PL SG PL
Absolutive A Asl i F (ə)lF N Ninl u ush P Pl l
Ergative AA AslA ii Fee Fel Neen Nenl uu uush Pee Ple le
Dative Ak Akl ik Fi Fil Ni Nil uji uwi Pei Plei lei
Possessive Ar ir For Foŕ Nor Noŕ ur -N PoN lon
Instrumantal-comitative Ah Ah ish Fos Fosl Nos Nosh uh uh Ph Ph -dh
Lative AgA AglA iki Fko Fklo Nongo Nongo ugu uglu Póo Plóo lo
Locative-temporal AkhA AlkhA ikhi Fku Fklu Nongu Nongu ukhu ulkhu Pu Plu lu
Ablative ApA AplA ipi Fpo Fplo Nop Nopl upu uplu PPo PPol lp
Vocative Ae Asl ii lFé Nin -we -wesh Plé
  • A marks vowels a and ó
  • F marks fricatives f, s, sh and h
  • N marks nasals n, m and ng
  • P marks plosives p, t and k
  • - indicates that the original ending is replaced with the following

Possessive affixes mingle with the cases


Emphasizing clitics: Suffixes ma (for ABS) and noh (for ERG) are used to emphasize either the agent or the object: Ónzaitón dotheenoh pof. (It is the man who's lifting the feather) vs. Ónzaitón dothee pofma. (It is the feather that the man is lifting.)

Adjectives

agree

Verbs

Conjugation

From core nouns: "way-markers" → how the verb reflects the core noun: similarity, making, using...

Transitivity and cases: Ónzaitón dothee pof. (A man (ERG) is lifting a feather (ABS).) Bousón pof. (The feather (ABS) falls.)

Tense

Aspect

Telicity (completion) marked in verbs: suomessa ammuin karhun vs. ammuin karhua

Mood

Voice

Sceptrian distinguishes between three voices: active, passive and antipassive

Active construction

Ónzaitón dothee pof.
/ɔ̃zaɪ̯tɔ̃ dəθe: pəf/
ón-zait-ón doth-ee pof-Ø
3SG.PRES.IPFV-lift-CIRC man-ERG feather-ABS

A man is lifting a feather.

Passive construction: agent (ERG) is either removed or inflected into ablative (ABL)

Ónzaitón pof (dothpo).
/ɔ̃zaɪ̯tɔ̃ pəf (dəθpə)/
ón-zait-ón pof-Ø (doth-po)
3SG.PRES.IPFV-lift-CIRC feather-ABS (man-ABL)

A feather is being lifted (by a man).

Antipassive construction: agent (ERG) into subject (ABS) and object (ABS) into instrumental-comitative (INS)

Doth ónzait(ma) (pofos).
/dəθ ɔ̃zaɪ̯t(mä) (pəfəs)/
doth-Ø ón-zait-Ø(/ma) (pof-os)
man-ABS 3SG.PRES.IPFV-lift-ANTIP(.POL) (feather-INS)

The man is lifting (a feather).

Non-finite forms

Multiple... --> adjectives?

Adpositions

  • "in" with lative, locative and ablative cases to form illative, inessive, elative
  • "on" to emphasize the surface aspect
  • "under" for, well, movement under something

Derivational Morphology

Numerals

Decimal base was adopted due to commerce, but traces of the former octal base remain

Syntax

Word order

  • VSO usually, SVO in antipassive
  • adjectives precede nouns while genitives follow