Is Burunking/history

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Proto-Burunking

Consonants

Nasal m [m] n [n]
Aspirated Stop p [pʰ] t [tʰ] k [kʰ]
Unaspirated Stop b [b] d [d] g [g]
Fricative s [s] h [h]
Liquid l [l]
r [r]

Vowels

High i [i] u [u]
Mid e [e] o [o]
Low a [a]

Phonotactics

In the earliest period the minimal syllable structure was a single vowel. The maximal structure was:

sC1VC2s
  • Syllables could begin with any single consonant or sp, sk, st.
  • V could be any vowel.
  • Syllables could end with single l, r, n, s or complex ls, rs, ns.

Several early processes changed this situation:

  • Initial sp, sk, st and final ps, ks, ts became z [s] while s was [s̟].
  • h was lost leading to the development of long vowels and diphthongs. This initially appears to have occurred between a non-high vowel and a high vowel, leading to the development of ai, au, ei, eu, oi which were later monophthongised. After lh, nh, rh became ll, nn, rr.
  • The syllable-final consonants l, n, r, s, z altered in word-final and pre-consonantal position, becoming i, ng, z, sh, s in the former and u, n, -, i, - in the latter.

New Vowels

First h-loss:

hi hu
a ai > ɛː > ya au > ɔː > ua
e ei > eː > ye eu > oː > ue
i ii yu
o oi > øː > yo ou > oː > ue
u ui uu

Second h-loss:

ha he ho
a aa ae > ai ao > au
e ya ee eo > eu
i ya ye yo
o ua ue oo
u ua ue uo

Vowel affection:

_a _i _u
a e o
e i
i e
o u
u o

Syllables

Ø Fortis Lenis
p t k tz ts N L R b d g z s n l r
a a fa ta ka sa sha nga ya za ba da ga ha xa na la ra
e e fe te ke se she nge ye ze be de ge he xe ne le re
o o fo to ko so sho ngo yo zo bo do go ho xo no lo ro
i i fi chi ki shi ngi yi zi bi ji gi xi ni li ri
ai ya cha kya sha nga ya za bya ja gya xa nga ya za
ei ye che kye she nge ye ze bye je gye xe nge ye ze
eu yo cho kyo sho ngo yo zo byo jo gyo xo ngo yo zo
u u fu su pu su shu mu yu zu bu zu bu fu xu nu lu ru
au ua fa sua pa sua shua ma yua zua bua zua ba fa nua lua rua
oi ue fe sue pe sue shue me yue zue bue zue be fe nue lue rue
+C VVCVL ViCVL n, m u rV
Fin. s sh ng i z


Chronology

  1. p > f, tz > s, ts > sh
  2. Vowel affection
  3. diphthong change
  4. palatalisation
  5. velarisation