Proto-Rathmosian/Later Developments
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Common Changes
- unstressed eC > iC and eyC > iyC
- word-final, short a, e lost in words of 3 or more syllables: negara > negar
- loss of word-final nasals -n, -m with nasalisation or preceding vowel, creating new ą, ę, į, ų, ɚ and ąą, ęę, įį, ųų
- loss of word-final -t
- raising of e > i, ew > iw and ey > iy before i or y in the next syllable
- loss of y between vowels and contraction of remaining vowels
- loss of word-final short, non-nasal vowels in words of 3 or more syllables: negani > negan
- raising of a(a) > ä(ä), u(u) > ü(ü) before i, y in the following syllable
- lowering of u(u) > new vowel o(o) before a(a), ä(ä), ą(ą) in the next syllable: kukad "he eats" > kokad.
- unstressed diphthongs become long vowels: aw > oo, ay > ee, ew > oo, ey > ee
- final-syllable long vowels shortened
Pr-Rs | Stressed | Unstressed | Word-Final | i-mutated | -n/-m |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | a | a / - | ä | ą | |
e | e | i | e / - | i | į |
i | i | i | i / - | į | |
u | u | u | u / - | ü | ų |
o | o | ||||
ə | ə | ə | ę | ||
aw | aw | oo | o | äw | -ǫ |
ew | ew | öö | ö | iw | -ǫ |
iw | iw | üü | ü | iw | -ų |
uw | uw | uu | u | üw | -ų |
ay | ay | ää | e | äy | -ę |
ey | ey | ee | e | iy | -ę |
iy | iy | ii | i | -į | |
uy | uy | üü | ü | uy | -ų |
Rathmos Changes
- ə(ə) > e(e), ɚ > a
- nasals followed by fricatives are lost, leading to compensatory lengthening and nasalisation of preceding vowel: negans > negąąs
- Cy > CC, except ry
- g > /ɣ/ in most positions, except ng, gg
- p, t, k > f, þ, h and b, d > v, ð before n, m, l, r
- a(a) and ay raised to ä(ä), äy except before -n, -m or before a back vowel (a(a), o(o), u(u)) in the next syllable
- unstressed äC > eC
- word-final -a lost
- nasal vowels merge with non-nasal counterparts
- stressed ä, e, i > äw, ew, iw before -w, -lC, rC
- changes to diphthongs: ay > ae, aw > ao, äy > äe, äw > äo, ey > ee, ew > eo, uy
- k, g, sk palatalised to ch /t͡ʃ/, ȝ /ʝ/, sh /ʃ/ (a) before a front vowel (ä, e, i, ü) or y, or (b) after e, i except when followed by a back vowel: negara > neger > neȝer but neganta > negan
- i-mutation: a(a) > ä(ä), e(e) > i(i), o(o) > ö(ö), u(u) > ü(ü) before i, y in next syllable
- word-final -i, -u lost, except after light monosyllable
- unstressed vowel reduction:
- medial syllable: a, ä, e lost, i, u lost after heavy syllable, > e after light syllable, oo > o, other long vowels > short
- final syllable: ä, i > e, uC > oC, oo > u, other long vowels > short
Carrick Changes
- ə(ə), ɚ > a
- nasal vowels merge with non-nasal counterparts
- i-mutation: a(a) > ä(ä), o(o) > ö(ö), u(u) > ü(ü) before i, y in next syllable
- stressed e(e) > ja(a), except after l, w
- u-mutation: a(a) > o(o), ja(a) > jo(o), ä(ä) > œ(œ), e(e) > ö(ö), i(i) > ü(ü)
- y lost before front vowels and w before back vowels, except a
- devoicing of word-final consonants
- mp, nk, nt > pp, kk, tt
Summary of Vowel Changes
Pr-Rs | Header text | Header text |
---|---|---|
a | Example | Example |
e | Example | Example |
i | Example | Example |
u | Example | Example |
ə | Example | Example |
aa | Example | Example |
ee | Example | Example |
ii | Example | Example |
uu | Example | Example |