Phonology
Consonants
|
|
Labial
|
Alveolar
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Palatal
|
Velar
|
Glottal
|
| Plosive
|
p
|
t
|
|
k
|
|
| Nasal
|
m
|
n
|
|
ŋ
|
|
| Fricative
|
Spirant
|
β
|
ɸ
|
ð
|
θ
|
|
ɣ
|
h
|
| Silibant
|
|
s
|
|
|
|
| Liquid
|
Flap
|
|
ɾ
|
|
|
|
| Approx.
|
|
l
|
|
|
|
| Glide
|
Approx.
|
|
|
j
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w
|
|
Vowels
|
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Front
|
Back
|
| Unrounded
|
Rounded
|
| Close
|
i
|
u
|
| Mid
|
e
|
o
|
| Open
|
a
|
ɒ
|
Diphthongs
Phonotactics
| Syllable (σ)
|
| Onset (ω)
|
Rime (ρ)
|
| Initial (ι)
|
Medial (μ)
|
Nucleus (ν)
|
Coda (κ)
|
|
|
- Semivowel
- Liquid
- Plosive
- /s/
|
|
- Nasal
- Liquid
- Fricative
- Liquid + fricative
- Liquid + nasal
|
Initial (ι)
- Initials are optional word-initially and mandatory elsewhere
- Can’t have the same manner of articulation as a preceding coda
Medial (μ)
- Medials re optional
- Liquids are only allowed after stops or fricatives
- /s/ Is only allowed after nasals or liquids
- /s/ is forbidden on a first syllable or after a syllable with coda
Nucleus (ν)
- Nuclei are mandatory
- Diphthongs are not allowed after a semivowel
Coda (κ)
- Codas are optional
- Nasals must have the same place of articulation as the following obstruent
- Liquid + fricative are only allowed word-finally
Stress
Stress is often placed on the first syllable, sometimes on the second.
Allophony
- [β ð ɣ] undergo fortition [b d g] when adjacent to a stop or nasal
- Unvoiced stops and their voiced counterparts, when adjacent [pb bp td dt kg gk], become voiced and geminated [b: d: g:]
- [ð] undergoes fortition [d] before [l]
- [l] becomes a lateral release [◌ˡ] after alveolar stops [t d]
- [n ŋ] become palatal nasals [ɲ] before [j]
- [h] becomes [ɧ] before [j]
- [j] undergoes fortition [ʝ] word-initially
- [h ɣ g] become labialized [hʷ ɣʷ gʷ] before [w]
Word Classes
Nouns
Dependency Structure
| Determiner
|
Quantifier
|
Noun
|
Case
|
Adjective
|
Genitive
|
| Root
|
Number
|
Muna Versions
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