Puhval

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Introduction

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

Pulmonic Consonants
Labial Coronal Dorsal Laryngeal
Bi­labial Labio­dental Linguo­labial Dental Alveolar Post­alveolar Retro­flex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn­geal Glottal
Nasal m
Plosive p d k
Sibilant fricative z ʐ
Non-sibilant fricative f v
Approximant ɹ
Tap/flap
Trill
Lateral fricative
Lateral approximant l
Lateral tap/flap

Vowels

ɛ,ʌ,ɵ,ø̞,ɪ,i,e,ʉ,y,ɑɪ

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Consonant Clusters
Stops/Affricates Fricatives Nasals Liquids
d̠ʒ tsʼ k p d v f ʐ z ʃ m ɹ l
Stops/Affricates d̠ʒ d̠ʒd̠ʒ d̠ʒtsʼ d̠ʒk d̠ʒp d̠ʒd d̠ʒkʼ d̠ʒtʼ d̠ʒv d̠ʒf d̠ʒʐ d̠ʒz d̠ʒ ʃ d̠ʒm d̠ʒɹ d̠ʒl
tsʼ tsʼd̠ʒ tsʼtsʼ tsʼk tsʼp tsʼd tsʼkʼ tsʼtʼ tsʼv tsʼf tsʼʐ tsʼz tsʼ ʃ tsʼm tsʼɹ tsʼl
k k d̠ʒ ktsʼ kk kp kd kkʼ ktʼ kv kf kz k ʃ km kl
p pd̠ʒ ptsʼ pk pp pd pkʼ ptʼ pv pf pz pm pl
d dd̠ʒ dtsʼ dk dp dd dkʼ dtʼ dv df dz dm dl
kʼd̠ʒ kʼtsʼ kʼk kʼp kʼd kʼkʼ kʼtʼ kʼv kʼf kʼʐ kʼz kʼʃ kʼm kʼɹ kʼl
tʼd̠ʒ tʼtsʼ tʼk tʼp tʼd tʼkʼ tʼtʼ tʼv tʼf tʼʐ tʼz tʼʃ tʼm tʼɹ tʼl
Fricatives v vd̠ʒ vtsʼ vk vp vd vkʼ vtʼ vv vf vz vm vl
f fd̠ʒ ftsʼ fk fp fd fkʼ ftʼ fv ff fz fm fl
ʐ ʐd̠ʒ ʐtsʼ ʐk ʐp ʐd ʐkʼ ʐtʼ ʐv ʐf ʐʐ ʐz ʐʃ ʐm ʐɹ ʐl
z zd̠ʒ ztsʼ zk zp zd zkʼ ztʼ zv zf zz zm zl
ʃ ʃd̠ʒ ʃtsʼ ʃk ʃp ʃd ʃkʼ ʃtʼ ʃv ʃf ʃʐ ʃz ʃʃ ʃm ʃɹ ʃl
Nasals m md̠ʒ mtsʼ mk mp md mkʼ mtʼ mv mf mz mm ml
Liquids ɹ ɹd̠ʒ ɹtsʼ ɹk ɹp ɹd ɹkʼ ɹtʼ ɹv ɹf ɹʐ ɹz ɹʃ ɹm ɹɹ ɹl
l ld̠ʒ ltsʼ lk lp ld lkʼ ltʼ lv lf lz lm ll
Vowel Clusters


Front Front-Central Central Back
Close Close-Mid Mid Open-Mid Near-Close Close-Mid Close Open-Mid Open
i e ø̞ ɛ ɪ y ɵ o ʌ ɑ
Front Close i ii ie iø̞ iy io
Close-Mid e ei ee eø̞ ey eo
Mid ø̞ ø̞i ø̞e ø̞ø̞ ø̞ɛ ø̞ɪ ø̞y ø̞ɵ ø̞o ø̞ʌ ø̞ɑ
Open-Mid ɛ ɛi ɛe ɛø̞ ɛɛ ɛɪ ɛy ɛɵ ɛo ɛʌ ɛɑ
Front-Central Near-Close ɪ ɪi ɪe ɪø̞ ɪɛ ɪɪ ɪy ɪɵ ɪo ɪʌ ɪɑ
y yi ye yø̞ yy yo
Central Close-Mid ɵ ɵi ɵe ɵø̞ ɵɛ ɵɪ ɵy ɵɵ ɵo ɵʌ ɵɑ
Back Close o oi oi oi oi oi oi oi oi oi oi
Open-Mid ʌ ʌi ʌe ʌø̞ ʌɛ ʌɪ ʌy ʌɵ ʌo ʌʌ ʌɑ
Open ɑ ɑi ɑe ɑø̞ ɑɛ ɑɪ ɑy ɑɵ ʌo ɑʌ ɑɑ

Green are permitted clusters, red are non-permitted clusters.


Morphophonology

Morphology

Syntax

Constituent order

Subject Object Verb

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources