Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
Pulmonic Consonants
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Labial
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Coronal
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Dorsal
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Laryngeal
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Bilabial
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Labiodental
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Linguolabial
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Dental
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Alveolar
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Postalveolar
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Retroflex
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Palatal
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Velar
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Uvular
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Pharyngeal
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Glottal
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Nasal
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m
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Plosive
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p
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d
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k
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Sibilant fricative
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z
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ʐ
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Non-sibilant fricative
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f (and) v
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Approximant
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ɹ
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Tap/flap
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Trill
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Lateral fricative
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Lateral approximant
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l
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Lateral tap/flap
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Non-Pulmonic Consonants
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Bilabial
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Labiodental
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Linguolabial
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Dental
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Alveolar
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Postalveolar
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Retroflex
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Palatal
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Velar
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Uvular
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Pharyngeal
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Ejective
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Stop
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tʼ
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kʼ
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Fricative
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Lateral fricative
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Click
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Tenuis
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Voiced
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Nasal
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Tenuis lateral
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Voiced lateral
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Nasal lateral
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Implosive
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Voiced
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Voiceless
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Affricates
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Bilabial
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Labiodental
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Linguolabial
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Dental
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Alveolar
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Postalveolar
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Retroflex
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Palatal
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Velar
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Uvular
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Epiglottal
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Glottal
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Pulmonic
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Sibilant
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d̠ʒ
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Non-sibilant
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Lateral
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Ejective
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Central
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tsʼ
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Lateral
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Vowels
Vowels
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Front
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Front-Central
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Central
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Back-Central
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Back
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Close
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i
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Near-Close
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ɪ (and) ʏ
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Close-Mid
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e
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ɵ
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o
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Mid
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ø̞
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Open-Mid
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ɛ
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ʌ
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Near-Open
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Open
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ɑ
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Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Consonant Clusters
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Stops/Affricates
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Fricatives
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Nasals
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Liquids
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d̠ʒ
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tsʼ
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k
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p
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d
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kʼ
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tʼ
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v
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f
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ʐ
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z
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ʃ
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m
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ɹ
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l
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Stops/Affricates
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d̠ʒ
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d̠ʒd̠ʒ
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d̠ʒtsʼ
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d̠ʒk
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d̠ʒp
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d̠ʒd
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d̠ʒkʼ
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d̠ʒtʼ
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d̠ʒv
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d̠ʒf
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d̠ʒʐ
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d̠ʒz
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d̠ʒ ʃ
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d̠ʒm
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d̠ʒɹ
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d̠ʒl
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tsʼ
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tsʼd̠ʒ
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tsʼtsʼ
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tsʼk
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tsʼp
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tsʼd
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tsʼkʼ
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tsʼtʼ
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tsʼv
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tsʼf
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tsʼʐ
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tsʼz
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tsʼ ʃ
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tsʼm
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tsʼɹ
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tsʼl
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k
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k d̠ʒ
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ktsʼ
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kk
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kp
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kd
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kkʼ
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ktʼ
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kv
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kf
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kʐ
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kz
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k ʃ
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km
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kɹ
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kl
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p
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pd̠ʒ
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ptsʼ
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pk
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pp
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pd
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pkʼ
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ptʼ
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pv
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pf
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pʐ
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pz
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pʃ
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pm
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pɹ
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pl
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d
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dd̠ʒ
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dtsʼ
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dk
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dp
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dd
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dkʼ
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dtʼ
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dv
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df
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dʐ
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dz
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dʃ
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dm
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dɹ
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dl
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kʼ
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kʼd̠ʒ
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kʼtsʼ
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kʼk
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kʼp
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kʼd
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kʼkʼ
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kʼtʼ
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kʼv
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kʼf
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kʼʐ
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kʼz
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kʼʃ
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kʼm
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kʼɹ
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kʼl
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tʼ
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tʼd̠ʒ
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tʼtsʼ
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tʼk
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tʼp
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tʼd
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tʼkʼ
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tʼtʼ
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tʼv
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tʼf
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tʼʐ
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tʼz
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tʼʃ
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tʼm
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tʼɹ
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tʼl
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Fricatives
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v
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vd̠ʒ
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vtsʼ
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vk
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vp
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vd
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vkʼ
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vtʼ
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vv
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vf
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vʐ
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vz
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vʃ
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vm
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vɹ
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vl
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f
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fd̠ʒ
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ftsʼ
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fk
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fp
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fd
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fkʼ
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ftʼ
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fv
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ff
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fʐ
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fz
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fʃ
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fm
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fɹ
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fl
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ʐ
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ʐd̠ʒ
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ʐtsʼ
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ʐk
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ʐp
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ʐd
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ʐkʼ
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ʐtʼ
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ʐv
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ʐf
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ʐʐ
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ʐz
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ʐʃ
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ʐm
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ʐɹ
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ʐl
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z
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zd̠ʒ
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ztsʼ
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zk
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zp
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zd
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zkʼ
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ztʼ
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zv
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zf
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zʐ
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zz
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zʃ
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zm
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zɹ
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zl
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ʃ
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ʃd̠ʒ
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ʃtsʼ
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ʃk
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ʃp
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ʃd
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ʃkʼ
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ʃtʼ
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ʃv
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ʃf
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ʃʐ
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ʃz
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ʃʃ
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ʃm
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ʃɹ
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ʃl
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Nasals
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m
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md̠ʒ
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mtsʼ
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mk
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mp
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md
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mkʼ
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mtʼ
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mv
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mf
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mʐ
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mz
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mʃ
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mm
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mɹ
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ml
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Liquids
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ɹ
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ɹd̠ʒ
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ɹtsʼ
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ɹk
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ɹp
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ɹd
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ɹkʼ
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ɹtʼ
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ɹv
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ɹf
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ɹʐ
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ɹz
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ɹʃ
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ɹm
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ɹɹ
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ɹl
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l
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ld̠ʒ
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ltsʼ
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lk
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lp
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ld
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lkʼ
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ltʼ
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lv
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lf
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lʐ
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lz
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lʃ
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lm
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lɹ
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ll
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Vowel Clusters
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Front
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Front-Central
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Central
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Back
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Close
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Close-Mid
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Mid
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Open-Mid
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Near-Close
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Close-Mid
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Close
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Open-Mid
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Open
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i
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e
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ø̞
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ɛ
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ɪ
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y
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ɵ
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o
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ʌ
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ɑ
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Front
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Close
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i
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ii
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ie
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iø̞
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iɛ
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iɪ
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iy
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iɵ
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io
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iʌ
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iɑ
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Close-Mid
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e
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ei
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ee
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eø̞
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eɛ
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eɪ
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ey
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eɵ
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eo
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eʌ
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eɑ
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Mid
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ø̞
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ø̞i
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ø̞e
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ø̞ø̞
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ø̞ɛ
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ø̞ɪ
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ø̞y
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ø̞ɵ
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ø̞o
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ø̞ʌ
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ø̞ɑ
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Open-Mid
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ɛ
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ɛi
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ɛe
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ɛø̞
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ɛɛ
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ɛɪ
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ɛy
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ɛɵ
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ɛo
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ɛʌ
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ɛɑ
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Front-Central
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Near-Close
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ɪ
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ɪi
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ɪe
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ɪø̞
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ɪɛ
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ɪɪ
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ɪy
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ɪɵ
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ɪo
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ɪʌ
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ɪɑ
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y
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yi
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ye
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yø̞
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yɛ
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yɪ
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yy
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yɵ
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yo
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yʌ
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yɑ
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Central
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Close-Mid
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ɵ
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ɵi
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ɵe
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ɵø̞
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ɵɛ
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ɵɪ
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ɵy
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ɵɵ
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ɵo
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ɵʌ
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ɵɑ
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Back
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Close
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o
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oi
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oi
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oi
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oi
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oi
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oi
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oi
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oi
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oi
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oi
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Open-Mid
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ʌ
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ʌi
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ʌe
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ʌø̞
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ʌɛ
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ʌɪ
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ʌy
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ʌɵ
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ʌo
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ʌʌ
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ʌɑ
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Open
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ɑ
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ɑi
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ɑe
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ɑø̞
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ɑɛ
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ɑɪ
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ɑy
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ɑɵ
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ʌo
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ɑʌ
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ɑɑ
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Green are permitted clusters, red are non-permitted clusters.
Morphophonology
Morphology
Syntax
Constituent order
Subject Object Verb
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
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