Puhval
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{{Infobox language | boxsize = 22em | name = Puhval | altname = additional name of the language | nativename = native or a second additional name | acceptance = degree of acceptance of the language by other nations | image = image at top of info box. Use format "image name.png", without "file/image" or brackets. | imagesize = override default image size (currently 250px). Use units ("123px", "12em") | imagealt = alt text for the image | imagecaption = caption to appear under image | imageheader = brief header for image (appears in the left-hand column) | pronunciation = IPA pronunciation of the native name (without slashes or brackets!); preferably narrow transcription | pronunciation_key = pronunciation key of the languages; defaults to Help:IPA | creator = Toastghost if the value is of the form User:xxxxxx, it links automatically to that user | created = 2023 | setting = setting of the language (conworld, Earth country or region, etc.) | states = real or fictional countries or regions in which it is mainly spoken (alias: state=) | ethnicity = people for whom this is the ethnically native language; also good for the ethnic population if different from the number of speakers (although the names chosen for the articles on the people and on the language will generally be the same, it may be appropriate to pipe in the native name of the people here) | extinct = date of extinction, as precise as needed; speakers will not display | era = era of historical use; speakers will not display | speakers = number of speakers | date = date of estimate of number of speakers | speakers2 = 2nd line (2nd estimate, 2nd country, L2 speakers, etc.) | revived = date of attempted or successful language revival | familycolor = appropriate language family Constructed Language See table below for list of options. Please do not use other names, as they will not be recognised, and the table will be colored grey. In most cases, 'familycolor' will trigger a default entry for the 'fam1' field, so that field is not necessary (you can continue with 'fam2'), but you can override this by entering something under 'fam1'. For areal colors (American, Khoisan, Paleosiberian, etc.), you will be prompted for a 'fam1' entry if you do not provide one. If 'isolate' or 'unclassified' is used, the fam1–xx tree will not display. | fam1 = the broadest possible widely accepted language family of which the language is a part | fam2 = a more specific subfamily | ... | fam15 = most specific subgroup | family = whatever you want to say; fam1–xx will not display | ancestor1 = the earliest known ancestor | ancestor2 = a later ancestor | ... (up to 8) | posteriori = natural-language sources | stand1 = a standardized register | stand2 = a second standardized register | ... (up to 6) | standards = whatever you want to say | dia1 = a primary dialect | dia2 = another primary dialect | ... (up to 20) | dialects = whatever you want to say | script1 = a writing system used for the language by literate speakers; use standard codes, see Module:scripts/data | script2 = another writing system; use standard codes, see Module:scripts/data | ... (up to 5) | scripts = override the scriptN list (e.g. if the language has a script without a code); use a bullet list | nation = list of countries in which it is an official language | minority = list of countries in which it is a recognised minority language | agency = regulatory body or language academy for the language | development_body = development body for the language | iso1 = the ISO 639-1 code for the language | iso1comment = for comments to not interfere with the link | iso2 = the ISO 639-2 code for the language (not for its family) | iso2comment = for comments to not interfere with the link | iso3 = the ISO 639-3 code for the language | iso3comment = for comments to not interfere with the link | clcr = Conlang Registry Code for the language | glotto = Glottolog code for the language | glottoname = name of code glotto | glotto2 = Second Glottolog code for the language | glottoname2 = name of code glotto2 | cws = ConWorkShop code for the language | ietf = IETF (BCP 47) code for the language | brcl = Brightraven Registry of Constructed Languages code for the language | map = image at bottom of info box. Use format "image name.png", without "file/image" or brackets. | mapsize = override default map size (currently 350px). Use units ("123px", "12em"). Affects both maps. | mapalt = alt text for the map | mapcaption = caption to appear under map | map2 = a second map | mapalt2 = alt text for the second map | mapcaption2 = caption to appear under both mapswidth.) | notice = IPA/ipa [adds notice for IPA notation] }}
Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
Pulmonic Consonants | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Laryngeal | |||||||||||
Bilabial | Labiodental | Linguolabial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | |||
Nasal | m | |||||||||||||
Plosive | p | d | k | |||||||||||
Sibilant fricative | z | ʐ | ||||||||||||
Non-sibilant fricative | f (and) v | |||||||||||||
Approximant | ɹ | |||||||||||||
Tap/flap | ||||||||||||||
Trill | ||||||||||||||
Lateral fricative | ||||||||||||||
Lateral approximant | l | |||||||||||||
Lateral tap/flap |
Non-Pulmonic Consonants | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilabial | Labiodental | Linguolabial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | ||||
Ejective | Stop | tʼ | kʼ | |||||||||||
Fricative | ||||||||||||||
Lateral fricative | ||||||||||||||
Click | Tenuis | |||||||||||||
Voiced | ||||||||||||||
Nasal | ||||||||||||||
Tenuis lateral | ||||||||||||||
Voiced lateral | ||||||||||||||
Nasal lateral | ||||||||||||||
Implosive | Voiced | |||||||||||||
Voiceless |
Affricates | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilabial | Labiodental | Linguolabial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Epiglottal | Glottal | ||||
Pulmonic | Sibilant | d̠ʒ | |||||||||||||
Non-sibilant | |||||||||||||||
Lateral | |||||||||||||||
Ejective | Central | tsʼ | |||||||||||||
Lateral |
Vowels
Vowels | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Front | Front-Central | Central | Back-Central | Back | |
Close | i | ||||
Near-Close | ɪ (and) ʏ | ||||
Close-Mid | e | ɵ | o | ||
Mid | ø̞ | ||||
Open-Mid | ɛ | ʌ | |||
Near-Open | |||||
Open | ɑ |
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Consonant Clusters | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stops/Affricates | Fricatives | Nasals | Liquids | |||||||||||||
d̠ʒ | tsʼ | k | p | d | kʼ | tʼ | v | f | ʐ | z | ʃ | m | ɹ | l | ||
Stops/Affricates | d̠ʒ | d̠ʒd̠ʒ | d̠ʒtsʼ | d̠ʒk | d̠ʒp | d̠ʒd | d̠ʒkʼ | d̠ʒtʼ | d̠ʒv | d̠ʒf | d̠ʒʐ | d̠ʒz | d̠ʒ ʃ | d̠ʒm | d̠ʒɹ | d̠ʒl |
tsʼ | tsʼd̠ʒ | tsʼtsʼ | tsʼk | tsʼp | tsʼd | tsʼkʼ | tsʼtʼ | tsʼv | tsʼf | tsʼʐ | tsʼz | tsʼ ʃ | tsʼm | tsʼɹ | tsʼl | |
k | k d̠ʒ | ktsʼ | kk | kp | kd | kkʼ | ktʼ | kv | kf | kʐ | kz | k ʃ | km | kɹ | kl | |
p | pd̠ʒ | ptsʼ | pk | pp | pd | pkʼ | ptʼ | pv | pf | pʐ | pz | pʃ | pm | pɹ | pl | |
d | dd̠ʒ | dtsʼ | dk | dp | dd | dkʼ | dtʼ | dv | df | dʐ | dz | dʃ | dm | dɹ | dl | |
kʼ | kʼd̠ʒ | kʼtsʼ | kʼk | kʼp | kʼd | kʼkʼ | kʼtʼ | kʼv | kʼf | kʼʐ | kʼz | kʼʃ | kʼm | kʼɹ | kʼl | |
tʼ | tʼd̠ʒ | tʼtsʼ | tʼk | tʼp | tʼd | tʼkʼ | tʼtʼ | tʼv | tʼf | tʼʐ | tʼz | tʼʃ | tʼm | tʼɹ | tʼl | |
Fricatives | v | vd̠ʒ | vtsʼ | vk | vp | vd | vkʼ | vtʼ | vv | vf | vʐ | vz | vʃ | vm | vɹ | vl |
f | fd̠ʒ | ftsʼ | fk | fp | fd | fkʼ | ftʼ | fv | ff | fʐ | fz | fʃ | fm | fɹ | fl | |
ʐ | ʐd̠ʒ | ʐtsʼ | ʐk | ʐp | ʐd | ʐkʼ | ʐtʼ | ʐv | ʐf | ʐʐ | ʐz | ʐʃ | ʐm | ʐɹ | ʐl | |
z | zd̠ʒ | ztsʼ | zk | zp | zd | zkʼ | ztʼ | zv | zf | zʐ | zz | zʃ | zm | zɹ | zl | |
ʃ | ʃd̠ʒ | ʃtsʼ | ʃk | ʃp | ʃd | ʃkʼ | ʃtʼ | ʃv | ʃf | ʃʐ | ʃz | ʃʃ | ʃm | ʃɹ | ʃl | |
Nasals | m | md̠ʒ | mtsʼ | mk | mp | md | mkʼ | mtʼ | mv | mf | mʐ | mz | mʃ | mm | mɹ | ml |
Liquids | ɹ | ɹd̠ʒ | ɹtsʼ | ɹk | ɹp | ɹd | ɹkʼ | ɹtʼ | ɹv | ɹf | ɹʐ | ɹz | ɹʃ | ɹm | ɹɹ | ɹl |
l | ld̠ʒ | ltsʼ | lk | lp | ld | lkʼ | ltʼ | lv | lf | lʐ | lz | lʃ | lm | lɹ | ll |
Vowel Clusters | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Front | Front-Central | Central | Back | |||||||||
Close | Close-Mid | Mid | Open-Mid | Near-Close | Close-Mid | Close | Open-Mid | Open | ||||
i | e | ø̞ | ɛ | ɪ | y | ɵ | o | ʌ | ɑ | |||
Front | Close | i | ii | ie | iø̞ | iɛ | iɪ | iy | iɵ | io | iʌ | iɑ |
Close-Mid | e | ei | ee | eø̞ | eɛ | eɪ | ey | eɵ | eo | eʌ | eɑ | |
Mid | ø̞ | ø̞i | ø̞e | ø̞ø̞ | ø̞ɛ | ø̞ɪ | ø̞y | ø̞ɵ | ø̞o | ø̞ʌ | ø̞ɑ | |
Open-Mid | ɛ | ɛi | ɛe | ɛø̞ | ɛɛ | ɛɪ | ɛy | ɛɵ | ɛo | ɛʌ | ɛɑ | |
Front-Central | Near-Close | ɪ | ɪi | ɪe | ɪø̞ | ɪɛ | ɪɪ | ɪy | ɪɵ | ɪo | ɪʌ | ɪɑ |
y | yi | ye | yø̞ | yɛ | yɪ | yy | yɵ | yo | yʌ | yɑ | ||
Central | Close-Mid | ɵ | ɵi | ɵe | ɵø̞ | ɵɛ | ɵɪ | ɵy | ɵɵ | ɵo | ɵʌ | ɵɑ |
Back | Close | o | oi | oi | oi | oi | oi | oi | oi | oi | oi | oi |
Open-Mid | ʌ | ʌi | ʌe | ʌø̞ | ʌɛ | ʌɪ | ʌy | ʌɵ | ʌo | ʌʌ | ʌɑ | |
Open | ɑ | ɑi | ɑe | ɑø̞ | ɑɛ | ɑɪ | ɑy | ɑɵ | ʌo | ɑʌ | ɑɑ |
Green are permitted clusters, red are non-permitted clusters.
Syllables
Onset sounds: All Consonants except [kʼ] and [dʒ], all vowel sounds except [ɑɪ]. If it is the beginning of the word short vowels are not permitted (except in the word “Ado”).
Nucleus sounds: All vowels, [v], [l], and [m].
Coda sounds: All Consonants except [p], all vowels. If it is the end of a word only long vowels are permitted
Phonotactic pattern: (V) (C) (C) V (C) (C) (C/V)
Morphophonology
Morphology
Syntax
Constituent order
Subject Object Verb