Puhval
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This article or section is under construction. |
Puval | |
---|---|
Also known as "Puhval" | |
Puval in Puvalmja script | |
Pronunciation | [pɵ.vʌl] |
Created by | Toastghost if the value is of the form User:xxxxxx, it links automatically to that user |
Date | 2023 |
Setting | setting of the language (conworld, Earth country or region, etc.) |
Native to | real or fictional countries or regions in which it is mainly spoken (alias: state=) |
Ethnicity | people for whom this is the ethnically native language; also good for the ethnic population if different from the number of speakers
(although the names chosen for the articles on the people and on the language will generally be the same, it may be appropriate topipe in the native name of the people here) |
Extinct | date of extinction, as precise as needed; speakers will not display 2nd line (2nd estimate, 2nd country, L2 speakers, etc.) |
Revival | date of attempted or successful language revival |
whatever you want to say; fam1–xx will not display
| |
Early forms | Buhval
|
Standard forms | whatever you want to say |
Dialects | whatever you want to say |
override the scriptN list (e.g. if the language has a script without a code); use a bullet list | |
Sources | natural-language sources |
Official status | |
Official language in | list of countries in which it is an official language |
Recognised minority language in | list of countries in which it is a recognised minority language |
Regulated by | regulatory body or language academy for the language |
Development body | development body for the language |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | ISO 639-1 code for the language the ISO 639-1 code for the language for comments to not interfere with the link |
ISO 639-2 | the ISO 639-2 code for the language (not for its family) for comments to not interfere with the link |
ISO 639-3 | ISO 639-3 code for the language the ISO 639-3 code for the language for comments to not interfere with the link |
CLCR | Conlang Registry Code for the language |
Glottolog | code for the language Glottolog code for the language name of code glottoGlottolog code for the language Second Glottolog code for the language name of code glotto2 |
ConWorkShop | code for the language ConWorkShop code for the language |
IETF | IETF (BCP 47) code for the language |
BRCL | Brightraven Registry of Constructed Languages code for the language |
caption to appear under map | |
caption to appear under both mapswidth.) |
Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
Pulmonic Consonants | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | ||||||||||
Bilabial | Labiodental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Velar | |||||||
Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | Voiceless | Voiced | |
Nasal | m | |||||||||||
Plosive | p | d | k | |||||||||
Sibilant fricative | z | ʃ | ʐ | |||||||||
Non-sibilant fricative | f | v | ||||||||||
Approximant | ɹ | |||||||||||
Lateral approximant | l |
Affricates | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bilabial | Labiodental | Linguolabial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Epiglottal | Glottal | ||||
Pulmonic | Sibilant | d̠ʒ | |||||||||||||
Non-sibilant | |||||||||||||||
Lateral | |||||||||||||||
Ejective | Central | tsʼ | |||||||||||||
Lateral |
Vowels
Vowels | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Front | Front-Central | Central | Back-Central | Back | |
Close | i | ||||
Near-Close | ɪ (and) ʏ | ||||
Close-Mid | e | ɵ | o | ||
Mid | ø̞ | ||||
Open-Mid | ɛ | ʌ | |||
Near-Open | |||||
Open | ɑ |
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Consonant Clusters | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stops/Affricates | Fricatives | Nasals | Liquids | |||||||||||||
d̠ʒ | tsʼ | k | p | d | kʼ | tʼ | v | f | ʐ | z | ʃ | m | ɹ | l | ||
Stops/Affricates | d̠ʒ | d̠ʒd̠ʒ | d̠ʒtsʼ | d̠ʒk | d̠ʒp | d̠ʒd | d̠ʒkʼ | d̠ʒtʼ | d̠ʒv | d̠ʒf | d̠ʒʐ | d̠ʒz | d̠ʒ ʃ | d̠ʒm | d̠ʒɹ | d̠ʒl |
tsʼ | tsʼd̠ʒ | tsʼtsʼ | tsʼk | tsʼp | tsʼd | tsʼkʼ | tsʼtʼ | tsʼv | tsʼf | tsʼʐ | tsʼz | tsʼ ʃ | tsʼm | tsʼɹ | tsʼl | |
k | k d̠ʒ | ktsʼ | kk | kp | kd | kkʼ | ktʼ | kv | kf | kʐ | kz | k ʃ | km | kɹ | kl | |
p | pd̠ʒ | ptsʼ | pk | pp | pd | pkʼ | ptʼ | pv | pf | pʐ | pz | pʃ | pm | pɹ | pl | |
d | dd̠ʒ | dtsʼ | dk | dp | dd | dkʼ | dtʼ | dv | df | dʐ | dz | dʃ | dm | dɹ | dl | |
kʼ | kʼd̠ʒ | kʼtsʼ | kʼk | kʼp | kʼd | kʼkʼ | kʼtʼ | kʼv | kʼf | kʼʐ | kʼz | kʼʃ | kʼm | kʼɹ | kʼl | |
tʼ | tʼd̠ʒ | tʼtsʼ | tʼk | tʼp | tʼd | tʼkʼ | tʼtʼ | tʼv | tʼf | tʼʐ | tʼz | tʼʃ | tʼm | tʼɹ | tʼl | |
Fricatives | v | vd̠ʒ | vtsʼ | vk | vp | vd | vkʼ | vtʼ | vv | vf | vʐ | vz | vʃ | vm | vɹ | vl |
f | fd̠ʒ | ftsʼ | fk | fp | fd | fkʼ | ftʼ | fv | ff | fʐ | fz | fʃ | fm | fɹ | fl | |
ʐ | ʐd̠ʒ | ʐtsʼ | ʐk | ʐp | ʐd | ʐkʼ | ʐtʼ | ʐv | ʐf | ʐʐ | ʐz | ʐʃ | ʐm | ʐɹ | ʐl | |
z | zd̠ʒ | ztsʼ | zk | zp | zd | zkʼ | ztʼ | zv | zf | zʐ | zz | zʃ | zm | zɹ | zl | |
ʃ | ʃd̠ʒ | ʃtsʼ | ʃk | ʃp | ʃd | ʃkʼ | ʃtʼ | ʃv | ʃf | ʃʐ | ʃz | ʃʃ | ʃm | ʃɹ | ʃl | |
Nasals | m | md̠ʒ | mtsʼ | mk | mp | md | mkʼ | mtʼ | mv | mf | mʐ | mz | mʃ | mm | mɹ | ml |
Liquids | ɹ | ɹd̠ʒ | ɹtsʼ | ɹk | ɹp | ɹd | ɹkʼ | ɹtʼ | ɹv | ɹf | ɹʐ | ɹz | ɹʃ | ɹm | ɹɹ | ɹl |
l | ld̠ʒ | ltsʼ | lk | lp | ld | lkʼ | ltʼ | lv | lf | lʐ | lz | lʃ | lm | lɹ | ll |
Vowel Clusters | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Front | Front-Central | Central | Back | |||||||||
Close | Close-Mid | Mid | Open-Mid | Near-Close | Close-Mid | Close | Open-Mid | Open | ||||
i | e | ø̞ | ɛ | ɪ | y | ɵ | o | ʌ | ɑ | |||
Front | Close | i | ii | ie | iø̞ | iɛ | iɪ | iy | iɵ | io | iʌ | iɑ |
Close-Mid | e | ei | ee | eø̞ | eɛ | eɪ | ey | eɵ | eo | eʌ | eɑ | |
Mid | ø̞ | ø̞i | ø̞e | ø̞ø̞ | ø̞ɛ | ø̞ɪ | ø̞y | ø̞ɵ | ø̞o | ø̞ʌ | ø̞ɑ | |
Open-Mid | ɛ | ɛi | ɛe | ɛø̞ | ɛɛ | ɛɪ | ɛy | ɛɵ | ɛo | ɛʌ | ɛɑ | |
Front-Central | Near-Close | ɪ | ɪi | ɪe | ɪø̞ | ɪɛ | ɪɪ | ɪy | ɪɵ | ɪo | ɪʌ | ɪɑ |
y | yi | ye | yø̞ | yɛ | yɪ | yy | yɵ | yo | yʌ | yɑ | ||
Central | Close-Mid | ɵ | ɵi | ɵe | ɵø̞ | ɵɛ | ɵɪ | ɵy | ɵɵ | ɵo | ɵʌ | ɵɑ |
Back | Close | o | oi | oi | oi | oi | oi | oi | oi | oi | oi | oi |
Open-Mid | ʌ | ʌi | ʌe | ʌø̞ | ʌɛ | ʌɪ | ʌy | ʌɵ | ʌo | ʌʌ | ʌɑ | |
Open | ɑ | ɑi | ɑe | ɑø̞ | ɑɛ | ɑɪ | ɑy | ɑɵ | ʌo | ɑʌ | ɑɑ |
Green are permitted clusters, red are non-permitted clusters.
Syllables
- Onset sounds: All Consonants except [kʼ], all vowel sounds except [ɑɪ]. If it is the beginning of the word short vowels are not permitted (except in the word “Adó”).
- Nucleus sounds: All vowels, [v], [l], and [m].
- Coda sounds: All Consonants except [p], all vowels. If it is the end of a word only long vowels are permitted
- Phonotactic pattern: (V) (C) (C) V (C) (C) (C/V)
Romanization
- For Pulmonic Consonants, ⟨p⟩, ⟨v⟩, ⟨m⟩, ⟨d⟩, ⟨r⟩, ⟨k⟩, ⟨s⟩, ⟨z⟩, ⟨ja⟩, ⟨f⟩, represent /p/, /v/, /m/, /d/, /ɹ/, /k/, /l/, /z/, /ʐ/, /f/.
- For Ejectives, ⟨tʼ⟩, ⟨kʼ⟩, represent /t'/, /k'/
- For Africatives, ⟨ts'⟩, ⟨ge⟩, represent /ts'/ and /d̠ʒ/
- For Vowels, ⟨e⟩, ⟨a⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨é⟩, ⟨á⟩, ⟨ó⟩, ⟨ú⟩, ⟨í⟩, represent /ɛ/, /ʌ/, /ɵ/, /ø̞/, /ɪ/, /i/, /e/, /o/, /y/, /ɑɪ/.
Morphophonology
Morphology
Syntax
Constituent order
Subject Object Verb