Armonisian

Armonisian Language Development

Phonological Transformation Rules

PIE → Proto-Armonisian

Laryngeals

• h₂ → /ɣ/, often with a glottal stop in clusters: /ɣʔ/
• h₁ disappears or becomes /ə/ in initial position.

Syllabic Sonorants

• r̥, l̥, m̥, n̥ → /ər, əl, əm, ən/ or voiced versions: /r̥, l̥, m̥, n̥/

Voiced Aspirates

• bʰ, dʰ, gʰ → /ḅ, ḍ, ɣ/

Consonant Clusters

• PIE tw → /k̬/ or /pɣ/ depending on environment
• sw → /cḫ/ or /ch/

Vowels

• Long vowels preserved: é → ǣ
• o often becomes /ə/ or /u/

Proto-Armonisian → Standard Armonisian

• Glottal stops dropped: /ʔ/ → ∅
• Long vowels shortened or neutralized: ǣ → ā
• Consonant simplification in clusters: tri → tr̥
• Nasalization emerges: nivn → niũ̯
• Vowel centralization and reduction

Morphology & Grammar Snapshot

Nouns

• Number: Singular / Plural
• Gender: Feminine / Masculine / Neuter
• Case System:
  • Nominative (unmarked)
  • Accusative (suffix -ma)
  • Genitive (suffix -m / nasalization)
  • Locative / Instrumental (suffix -j)
• Nouns and adjectives share endings, adjectives use infix -ch-

Noun Declensions

Feminine

• Ɣtāra (nom.)
• Ɣtārama (acc.)
• Ɣtāram (gen.)
• Ɣtāraj (loc./instr.)

Neuter

• Ɣr̥no (nom./acc.)
• Ɣr̥nõma (gen.)
• Ɣr̥noj (loc./instr.)

Masculine

• Sĩn (nom.)
• Sĩnma (acc.)
• Sĩnum (gen.)
• Sĩnuj (loc./instr.)

Adjective Declensions

Feminine

• dlgocha (nom.)
• dlgochama (acc.)
• dlgocham (gen.)
• dlgochaj (loc./instr.)

Neuter

• dlgocho (nom./acc.)
• dlgochoma (acc.)
• dlgochõ (gen.)
• dlgochoj (loc./instr.)

Masculine

• dlgoch (nom.)
• dlgochma (acc.)
• dlgochum (gen.)
• dlgochuj (loc./instr.)

Possessive Pronouns

• Non-declinable; used before nouns.

Personal Pronouns

Person	Singular	Plural
1st	mə	nẽ
2nd	chẽ	chuo
3rd	əɥo	əɥon

Verb Conjugation (Indicative - Present Tense)

Verb root: dɣt- "to have"

Person	Conjugation
1st sg	dɣtā
2nd sg	dɣtã
3rd sg	dɣto
1st pl	dɣtanẽ
2nd pl	dɣtuch
3rd pl	dɣton

Notes:

• Thematic vowel varies slightly by tense and voice.
• Nasalization indicates middle/reflexive in some dialects.

Verb Paradigms: ku̯ɣeti "to brew"

Present Tense

• 1st sg: ku̯ɣoɣ
• 2nd sg: ku̯ɣechi
• 3rd sg: ku̯ɣi
• 2nd du: ku̯ɣu̯och
• 3rd du: ku̯ɣtech
• 1st pl: ku̯ɣemoch
• 2nd pl: ku̯ɣete
• 3rd pl: ku̯ɣe
• Present adv. participle: ku̯ɣõt
• Present adj. participle: ku̯ɣõt(a/o/u)

Secondary/Past/Tenseless

• 1st sg: ku̯ɣõm
• 2nd sg: ku̯ɣoch
• 3rd sg: ku̯ɣit
• 2nd du: ku̯ɣu̯tõ
• 3rd du: ku̯ɣtam
• 1st pl: ku̯ɣem
• 2nd pl: ku̯ɣet
• 3rd pl: ku̯ɣẽnt
• Adv. participle: ku̯ɣõtẽ
• Adj. participle: ku̯ɣõt(ã/õ/ũ)

Imperative

• 1st sg: ku̯ɣ
• 2nd sg: ku̯ɣḍi
• 3rd sg: ku̯ɣu
• 2nd du: ku̯ɣu̯tõmach
• 3rd du: ku̯ɣtamach
• 1st pl: ku̯ɣ
• 2nd pl: ku̯ɣete
• 3rd pl: ku̯ɣẽntu
• Adv. participle: ku̯ɣõtẽm
• Adj. participle: ku̯ɣõt(ã/õ/ũ)mi

PIE Lexicon Expansion

PIE Root	Proto-Armonisian	Standard Armonisian
h₃ébōl (apple)	əboɣol	məɣol
gʷṓus (cow)	ɣ̄uva	ɣ̄u
h₂éḱus (horse)	aɣʔsu	aɣsu
deywós (god)	deivoch	d̮əyoch
h₂stḗr (star)	əster	məstar
h₂nḗr (man)	ənǣr	mənār

Sample Text (Standard Armonisian)

Armonisian: mə chichur dɣtār d̮oj niũ̯ diśm̥t.

Gloss: I sister daughter two have ten

Translation: I have two daughters and one sister.

Dialectal Variation

• Northern Dialect: Preserves more consonant clusters; less vowel reduction; retains some glottal stops in careful speech.

Example: Standard məɣol → Northern məɣʔol

• Eastern Dialect: Fronts and raises vowels: ə → i, a → e; assimilation of clusters.

Example: dɣtār → diktār

• Southern Dialect: Stronger nasalization; loss of final -j in loc/instr.

Example: dlgochoj → dlgochõ

• Western Dialect: Retains archaic inflections and case particles; more analytic constructions.

Example: Sĩnuj → Sĩn che ju

• Highland Dialect (Tonogenetic):
  • Development of lexical tone from former glottal and laryngeal distinctions
  • Tone marked with diacritics:
    • High tone: acute ( ´ ) → á
    • Low tone: grave ( ̀ ) → à
    • Rising tone: caron ( ̌ ) → ǎ
    • Falling tone: circumflex ( ̂ ) → â
  • Example transformations:
    • ku̯ɣeti → kú̯ɣeti (infinitive)
    • ku̯ɣoɣ → ku̯ɣò (1sg)
    • dlgocha → dlgócha (nom. fem.)