Roshterian/Proto-Roshterian

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Old Roshterian is the reconstructed intermediate stage between Proto-Talmic and Roshterian. It was spoken approximately at the same time Thensarian was spoken.

  • stress shift to penultimate (endings have not dropped completely yet)
    • yields Modern Roshterian ultimate stress
  • Old Irishy allomorphy
  • ā >

Some words

  • φlat-nəm "seed" > Old Roshterian *ḽatnə > laaṉ "child (offspring)"
  • tekts "child" > Old Roshterian *tejṱ, tejs- > ṯeit, ṯeis- "child (young human)"
  • bonditejṱiə, bondejṱiə, bnejṱiə "child-bearer, child-rearer, babysitter" > breit, breiti- "woman"
  • soliθe > OR höḽiṱe "5" > helit, lite-
  • kabnənts > OR kabrəṋs "woman" > (lost)
  • snuwem "round" > OR nǖ "fat" > ṉii "big"
  • mārom "tree" > OR miəro "tree" > miar
  • dēdī > dēdii "tears" > ḏeeḏ
  • gwaθwā > baṱu "throat" > batu
  • nā > ṋiə "I" > nia
  • som, sam > hum "he"
  • sausmam > hauma "moon" > hoom
  • sk, st > ść, st > OR sṱ, st > st, s̱ṯ
  • Final -r has been deleted in endings

Phonology

Vowels

a e i o u ə ö ü ā ē ī ō ū ȫ ǖ iə uə aj ej öj uj iw

ȫ > aa in later Roshterian; aa also emerges from CL

Consonants

Labial Dental Alveolar Medial Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasal *m *ṋ *n
Plosive voiceless *p *ṱ *t *k *q
voiced *b *ḓ *d *g
Fricative voiceless *s *h
voiced
Resonant *w *ḽ *l, *r *y

Stress

The initial stress in Proto-Talmic had shifted to penultimate by Pre-Roshterian. (becomes ultimate stress in Roshterian after final vowels are deleted)

Morphology

Nouns

Case? Maybe just absolute/construct

ḽatnə 'seed'
Construct Singular Plural
ḽatnai ḽatnə hēḽatnə

Verbs

Verbs have absolute and conjunct stems, much like in Old Irish. With a preverb or an incorporandum (incorporated noun stem), the conjunct form is used.

The process of attaching preverbs such as prepositions to verbs was productive in Proto-Talmic, which then was repurposed for applicatives and for noun incorporation in Old Roshterian [unlike in Thensarian which took a path more akin to IE languages].

The forms came from the following stress pattern:

Verb stress patterns in Pre-Roshterian [immediately after stress shift]
preverb first ... penult final
Absolute - secondary unstressed primary unstressed
Conjunct secondary unstressed unstressed primary unstressed

Handwave: This creates a succession of unstressed syllables in the conjunct form which gets smooshed together in Old Roshterian

Examples:


Person tussānis "I pray"
(a-stem)
torenis "I bloom, flourish"
(e-stem)
aellinis "I love"
(i-stem)
cacsynis "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG tussānis torenis aellinis cacsynis
2SG tussāris toreris aelliris cacsyris
3SG.M tussāmis toremis aellimis cacsymis
3SG.F tussāsis toresis aellisis cacsysis
3SG.N tussās tores aellis cacsis
1EX tussāmēs toremēs aellimēs cacsymēs
1IN tussāntis torentis aellintis cacsyntis
2PL tussāsces toresces aellisces cacsysces
3PL tussātis toretis aellitis cacsytis

Dependent forms (shown with nīs 'not'):

Person tussānis "I pray"
(a-stem)
torenis "I bloom, flourish"
(e-stem)
aellinis "I love"
(i-stem)
cacsynis "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG nīs tussān nīs toren nīs aellin nīs cacsyn
2SG nīs tussār nīs torer nīs aellir nīs cacsyr
3SG.M nīs tussām nīs torem nīs aellim nīs cacsym
3SG.F nīs tussāsi nīs toresi nīs aellisi nīs cacsysi
3SG.N nīs tussā nīs tore nīs aelli nīs cacsy
1EX nīs tussāmē nīs toremē nīs aellimē nīs cacsymē
1IN nīs tussānt nīs torent nīs aellint nīs cacsynt
2PL nīs tussāsce nīs toresce nīs aellisce nīs cacsysce
3PL nīs tussāt nīs toret nīs aellit nīs cacsyt

Pronouns

Singular Plural
1 *ṋiə *iəm
1 + 2 ???
2 *wēr ???
3 (masculine) *hum ???
3 (feminine) *hī
3 (inanimate) *he
4 (obviative) *pī