Modern Windermere
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Modern Windermere is the sole modern descendant of Classical Windermere.
Diachronics
Phonological history
- ə > 0 after aspirated consonants. This makes the voicing alternation in the Classical Wdm. spirants f and th phonemic; the /ɣ/ allophone disappears, lengthens the preceding vowel.
- r > ɹ
- ł > ś, ş > ṣ
Grammatical history
- Aspect and trigger largely become derivational devices, cf. the development of PIE aspects and Semitic binyanim.
- Grammaticalization of conjugated auxiliaries, leading to a tense system.
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ng /ŋ/ | ||||||
| Plosive | unaspirated | b /p/ | d /t/ | g /k/ | |||||
| aspirated | p /pʰ/ | t /tʰ/ | c /kʰ/ | ' /ʔ/ | |||||
| Affricate | ts /ts/ | tś /tɕ/ | |||||||
| Fricative | unvoiced | f /f/ | th /θ/ | s /s/ | ṣ /ʂ/ | ś /ɕ/ | ch /x/ | ||
| voiced | v /v/ | dh /ð/ | |||||||
| Resonant | w /w/ | r /ɹ~ɻ/ | y /j/ | l /ʟ/ | |||||
Vowels
Stress
Stress is almost always final, but can be non-final in function words.
Morphology
Praveen's last idea for Tigal: auxiliary-based
Auxiliaries
Tense auxiliaries
| I | thou | he | she | it | we (exc.) | we (inc.) | you (pl.) | they | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present | mor | moł | mon | mos | mot | mots | mob | mong | mam |
| preterite | chelăr | chelăł | chelăn | chelăs | chelăt | chelăts | chelăb | chelăng | chelăm |
| future | per | perł | pern | pers | pert | perts | perb | perng | perm |
Syntax
AuxSVO or maybe AuxAVE if ergative
- Mor brits cde clăbüh te tsăgtsog.
- PRES-1SG speak about love and hate
- I speak of love and hate.'