Brytho-Hellenic

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Brytho-Hellenic
Elynik (to kaen)
Pronunciation[[Help:IPA|ɛ'le:nik 'tɔ 'kai̯n]]
Created by
Native toElas to Kaen
Native speakers52 millions (2012)
Indo-European
Official status
Official language in
Elas to Kaen
Language codes
ISO 639-1el
ISO 639-2ely
ISO 639-3ely
Elas mini.gif
New Greece or "Elas to Kaen"

General information

Brytho-Hellenic, Brythohellenic or simply Neohellenic (the native name is Elynik) is a language that is spoken nowadays in a different timeline in a country that corresponds almost exactly to our England and to our Wales. In that timeline the Persians have won the wars against Greece and the Greeks have been forced to emigrate and to flee. Firstly the Greeks find protection in Magna Graecia, but, as the Persians conquer those territories, they shift to Northern Italy, where the Romans withstand the Persian troops. In 389 b.C. Rome is destroyed and both Romans and Greeks flee to Carthage, enemy of the Persian empire. Together they try to attack the Persian fleet, but they are defeated again. In the last days of 382 b.C. an imposing expedition sails away from a harbour on the coast of New Carthage - our Cartagena in Spain. Its mission is to find new territories where they can live in peace and prosperity, far from the Persian threat. In 381 b.C. Conon the Athenian and his Greeks reach our Scilly Islands: they have chosen to sail northward, because they had heard about legends that spoke about a fertile and grassy island in the North. It is the beginning of the New Greece or Elas to Kaen (IPA ['ɛlas 'tɔ 'kai̯n]).

Phonology

Alphabet

After the defeat against the Persians almost the entire Greek people fled towards Roman territory: Rome triplicated its population and was greekized. During their living together Greeks and Romans used mainly the Greek language to communicate, whereas the Latin language became a secondary and socially lower language, spoken mainly by common people. Nevertheless - almost incomprehensibly - the Greeks adopted the Latin alphabet, maybe trying to be understood even by the lower social classes. As we are talking about the modern language, we don't consider the first versions of the alphabet that were used in ancient times. The alphabet of Brythohellenic contains 23 letters:

Letters Pronunciation Further informations
a [a] -
b [b] -
d [d] -
dh [ð] / [j] / [v] / [ ] generally it is pronounced as th in the word this; when it occurs between vowels its pronunciation can vary between [j] and [v]: generally it is [j] when the vowel that follows is e, i or y, while it is [v] when the vowel that follows is a, o, u or w. Some speakers don't pronounce it at all when it comes in patterns a-a, o-o, u-u, o-u, u-a, u-o and other combinations between w, o and a
e [ɛ] it is always pronounced open
f [f] -
g [g] / [x] / [h] when it comes before or after other consonants it is pronounced [g], between vowels it is pronounced [x], even if some speakers tend to pronounce it as [h] in this position
h [h] -
i [i] / [j] often it forms a diphthong when precedes or follows another vowel
k [k] it is always pronunced as in the English word kite
l [l] -
m [m] -
n [n] -
o [ɔ] / [o] it can be either open or closed, but it doesn't affect the meaning
p [p] -
r [r] trilled just as in Italian
s [s] always voiceless
t [t] -
th [θ] as th in the English thin
u [i] -
v [v] -
w [u] / [w] it is pronounced as [u] when it is followed by a consonant; it is pronounced [w] when it is preceded or followed by a vowel; when it is followed by l or r it can have either a consonantal or vocalic value, to distinguish it, it is written ŵ when it has a vocalic value; in the diphthong wy it can be either the vocalic (it is written ŵy) or consonantal element (it is written wŷ)
y [i] / [e] in monosyllabic words it is read as [i], in polysyllabic words it is read [i] if in the last syllable, otherwise [e]; in the diphthong yw it can be either the vocalic (it is written ŷw) or consonantal element (it is written yŵ)

Consonantal phonemes

Brythohellenic has the following consonantic phonemes:

Phonemes Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Stop p b t d k g
Affricate
Nasal m (ɱ) n (ŋ)
Fricative f v θ ð s x h
Approximant r̥ r j w
Lateral approximant l


Vocalic phonemes

Brythohellenic has the following vowel system:

Phonemes
Opening Front Back
Closed i u
Mid-closed e o
Mid-open ɛ ɔ
Open a


Diphthongs and digraphs

In Brythohellenic there are 18 diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:

Diphthongs Pronunciation
ae [ai̯]
aw [au̯]
ei, eu, ey [ɛi̯]
ew [ɛu̯]
ia [ja]
ie [jɛ]
io [jɔ] / [jo]
iw [ju]
oe [ɔi̯] / [oi̯]
uw [iu̯]
wa [wa]
we [wɛ]
wi [wi]
wo [wɔ] / [wo]
ŵy / [wi] - [we] / [ui̯]
ŷw / [iu̯] - [eu̯] / [ju]

Brythohellenic has got only one digraph: rh [r̥], which is rare enough. The other combinations as dh and th are considered true letters.

Stress

Ancient Greek has undergone deep changes during its coexistence with Latin and above all with the Brythonic languages. Two main changes have been:

  • often the hiatus with 'i' has become a diphthong, ex.: σοφία > *σόφια > hef, "knowledge";
  • almost always the last syllable has fallen, ex.: καινός > kaen, "new"; θάνατος > thanadh, "death".

These two phoenomena have influenced heavily the stress system of Brythohellenic. Nowadays the stress steadily falls on the last but one syllable: this means that in the plural forms of nouns it shifts, ex.: thalas ['θalas], "sea" > thalasas [θa'lasas], "seas"; aelŵr ['ai̯lur], "cat" > aelŵroe [ai̯'luroi̯], "cats".

Grammar

Nouns, gender and number

Even if Ancient Greek had three genders and three numbers, the system simplified a lot and Modern Elynik has got two genders - masculine and feminine - and two numbers - singular and plural. It is hard to distinguish the gender of a noun, because there are not specific gender-linked endings: mostly nouns end with consonant regardless for the gender. Forming plural is not so complicated, as there are only three plural endings:

  • oe, that is typical of masculine nouns;
  • ae, that is used with feminine nouns;
  • as, less spread and used with both masculine and feminine nouns.

However there are also some irregularities which have to be learned by heart, ex.: the plural of ith, "fish", is ithwas; the plural of gys, "earth", is gae; the plural of ŵr, "water", is wdhas, and so on. Irregular nouns, however, are few. Here is a list of nouns with plural form:

Singular Plural Gender Meaning Singular Plural Gender Meaning
lið liðø masculine stone pwd pwdas masculine foot
kŵr kŵræ feminine land ŵran wranø masculine sky, heaven
kryvid kryvidas feminine shoe fws fwðas masculine light
sŵy sŵæ feminine life lws lwsæ feminine language
þyr þyras masculine animal bivyl bivlø masculine book
ef afæ feminine love alwvik alwvikæ masculine fox
køran køranø masculine lord køren køranæ feminine lady
enyr annyr masculine man gunys gunæ feminine woman
pur purø masculine fire kefel kefalæ feminine head
tov tovø masculine place kron kronø masculine time
oðyr oðrø masculine morning yver yveræ feminine day
dyl dylæ feminine afternoon efer eferæ feminine evening
nuþ nuþas feminine night hilyn hilynæ feminine moon
selð selðø masculine priest silð selðæ feminine priestess
dennyr dennyras masculine tree kað kaðas masculine hand
etyr eteras masculine star omað omaðas masculine eye
keðyð keðyðas masculine teacher fil filø masculine friend
eþyr eþrø masculine enemy eðær eðærø masculine lover
kuwn kunø masculine dog kom komø masculine world

Loan words

As the Greeks reached Great Britain found a completely new world, full of animals and plants they had never seen. Celtic people had highly different customs and beliefs and spoke an unintelligible language. Even if the Greeks considered them to be barbarian, they were the "owners" of the new land, so Greeks had to learn to live together with Brythons and to forget about prejudices like "superiority" or "inferiority". During the coexistence and the mixing with Brythons, the Greeks have adopted some Celtic words:

Original word Singular Plural Gender Meaning
derwen darwen darwenæ feminine oak
derwydd darwyð darwyðas masculine priest, magician, druid
bryn bryn brynæ feminine hill
nifwl nivwl nivlø masculine mist, fog
llyn lyn lynø masculine lake
gwellt gwelð gwelðas feminine grass
ofydd ovyð ovyðas masculine ovate
bardos bard bardas masculine poet
awen awen awenæ feminine inspiration
bleydh bleuð bleuðas masculine wolf
lowarth lowarþ lowarþas feminine paradise
calon kalen kalenæ feminine heart

Some words have a counterpart whose meaning has shifted: from the Greek ουάτις, a word mentioned by Strabo and of Proto-Celtic origin (*vatis), comes gweð, "astute person" < "one who can predict the moves of enemies" < "soothsayer". From the same root comes of course the Brythonic word ofydd, that has been taken as loan once the Greeks reached Great Britain. Another example is the word bard, that has substituted the Ancient Greek ἀοιδός, whose descendant, awid, has got the meaning of "artist". Even the word awen has substituted another Greek word, dævon < *δαιμόνος < δαιμόνιον, that now has the meaning of "puck, spirit"; the plural Awenæ is also used to mean Mwsæ, plural of Mws < Mοῦσα, "Muse".

Formation of feminine

It isn't easy to distinguish between a masculine and a feminine noun, because there is no gender-linked ending. However, when we speak about entities that have got a physical gender, such as people and animals, it can be useful to be able to distinguish between masculine and feminine gender. Mostly the feminine form of such nouns come from the masculine one by adding some suffixes:

  • -yr (pl. -(y)ræ), mostly added to masculine nouns ending with -yð and denoting agent, ex.: melbyð (= "singer") > melbyðyr (plural: melbyðræ);
  • -en (pl. -anæ), added to many nouns, ex.: eþyr > eþren (plural: eþranæ); fil > filen (plural: filanæ);
  • -e- (pl. -a-æ), that replaces the ending a + consonant of many masculine nouns, ex.: elaf (= "deer") > elef (plural: elafæ); maw (= "sorcerer") > mew (= "witch") (plural: mawæ).

Sometimes the feminine form is obtained by changing the last vowel, ex.: selð > silð (plural: selðæ).

Articles

Brythohellenic hasn't got indefinite article, to translate phrases like "a cat" or "some women" we have just to omit the article: ælŵr means both "a cat" and "cat", and gunæs means both "some women" and "women". There is only one kind of article, the definite one: this article is used to talk about well known things that are familiar to the speakers, because they have already been talked about, or because they belong to the experiences baggage of the speakers, that is we use the definite article to talk about known informations, to talk about determined informations. The definite article has got one invariable form, to, that is used both for masculine and feminine nouns, for singular and plural nouns: to omyr, "the rain"; to hwvað, "the body"; to lwsæ, "the languages"; to nysø, "the islands", and so on.

When a noun is determined, that is preceded by the article or other determiners (such as possessives or demonstratives) and is followed by an adjective - in standard Elynik the adjectives always follow the substantives - the article shifts bewtween noun and adjective, ex.:

  • to omyr > omyr to surin (= "the cold rain", lit. "rain the cold (one)");
  • to nysø > nysø to euweðø (= "the fertile islands", lit. "islands the fertile (ones)").

Even when a noun doesn't need the article - for example proper nouns - it appears between this noun and the possible adjective, ex.:

  • Elas (= "Greece") > Elas to Kæn (= "New Greece", lit. "Greece the New (one)");¹
  • Elyn (= "Helena") > Elyn to plyd kalin (= "the most beautiful Helena", lit. "Helena the most beautiful (one)").

¹ Nowadays they tend to use the word Elas to mean Elas to Kæn, while the "Old Greece" is known as Elas to Palað.

Adjectives

Elynik adjectives always follow the noun(s) they are referred to: when the noun is undetermined they simply follow it, but, when the noun is determined, then the definite article, to, is put between the noun and the adjective. Usually adjectives' singular form is identical for masculine and feminine, even if there can be exceptions, the plural forms are two, instead: one for masculine, usually ending in , and one for feminine, ending in . Some adjectives:

Singular Masculine plural Feminine plural Meaning Singular Masculine plural Feminine plural Meaning
iwŷð iwŷðø iwŷðæ good penyr penyrø penyræ bad
elyv elvø elvæ happy lur lurø luræ sad
egrin egrinø egrinæ tall / high þaval þavalø þavalæ short
kalin kalinø kalinæ beautiful / goodlooking ægyr ægrø ægræ ugly
meal mealø mealæ big / great migrin migrinø migrinæ little / small
palað palaðø palaðæ old yvik yvikø yvikæ young
þenar þenarø þenaræ strong aþin aþinø aþinæ weak
þervin þervinø þervina hot surin surinø surinæ cold
fover foverø foveræ terrible plys plysø plysæ near / close
tyleðin tyleðinø tyleðinæ far / distant semyk semykø semykæ tired

Some usage examples:

  • migrin + ælŵr > ælŵr migrin (= "(a) little cat");
  • meal + to enyr > enyr to meal (= "the big man");
  • semyk + to kørenyv > kørenyv to semyk (= "my tired lady").

Comparative

The higher degree comparative is usually formed with the word wa that precedes the adjective to which is referred, the second term is introduced by y ex.:

  • Anð wa kalin y dennyr > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

In the written language it is still used the old form with the suffix -wn, ex.:

  • Anð kalðwn y dennyr > A flower more beautiful than a tree.

The same degree comparative is formed with the periphrasis wðys + adjective + yfer, ex.:

  • Anð wðys kalin yfer dennyr > A flower as beautiful as a tree,

The lower degree comparative is formed with the periphrasis mŷon + adjective + y, ex.:

  • Anð mŷon kalin y dennyr > A flower less beautiful than a tree.
Adjectives with an irregular higher degree comparative

Some adjectives have got an irregular form of higher degree comparative:

Positive Comparative Positive Comparative
iwŷð aredwn penyr yswn
kalin kaldwn red (= "easy") rawn
migrin meðwn meal myswn
polus (= "many/much") pledwn alwyn (= "painful/agonizing") alðwn

Irregular higher degree comparatives are used as normal comparatives, ex.:

  • Ys hi areðwn y ey - You are better than me.

The comparative form is the same for both masculine and feminine nouns, but in the plural the two forms are different: areðwnø vs. areðwnæ.

Superlative

The superlative degree is generally formed with the word plyd, that precedes the adjective to which is referred. The relative superlative is the same form of the absolute superlative, but it takes the definite article and is generally followed by a limitation, that is expressed with en (= "in") / evan (= "of"), ex.:

  • Anð to plyd kalin en to kom - The most beautiful flower in the world.

In the written language it is also used the old superlative with the suffix -yd:

  • Anð to kalyd evan to kom - The most beautiful flower of the world.
Adjectives with an irregular superlative

The same adjectives that have an irregular higher degree comparative have got also an irregular superlative form:

Positive Comparative Superlative Positive Comparative Superlative
iwŷð areðwn aryd penyr yswn ykyd
kalin kalðwn kalyd red rawn rad
migrin meðwn elegyd meal myswn meyd
polus pleðwn plyd alwŷn alðwn alwŷd


Other adjectives form the comparative and the superlative degree regularly, ex.:

Positive Comparative Superlative
palað wa palað / palaðwn plyd palað / palaðyd
lur wa lur / lurwn plyd lur / luryd
egrin wa egrin / egrinwn plyd egrin / egrinyd
plys wa plys / plyswn plyd plys / plysyd

The superlative has got only one singular form, in the plural masculine and feminine are different, ex.: aryd > arydø, arydæ.

Numerals

Numerals don't inflect. Here are the numerals from 0 to 100:

Number Cardinal Ordinal Number Cardinal Ordinal
0 wden - 1 eis prwð
2 dios deuðer 3 trys trið
4 teþar teþarð 5 pen penð
6 es 7 eft eudoð
8 owoð 9 enag enað
10 deg degað 11 enneg ennegað
12 dydeg dydegað 13 trydeg trydegað
14 teþardeg teþardegað 15 penneg pennegað
16 eðeg eðegað 17 efteg eftegað
18 oþwdeg oþwdegað 19 enadeg enadegað
20 iwæn iwæd 21 iwæn sun eis iwæd sun prwð
22 iwæn sun dios iwæd sun deuðer 30 iwæn-deg iwændegað
31 iwæn-deg sun eis iwændegað sun prwð 40 diøwæn diøwæd
50 diøwæn-deg diøwændegað 60 triwæn triwæd
70 triwæn-deg triwæn-degað 80 tetharwæn tetharwæd
90 tetharwæn-deg tetharwændegað 100 egað egaðod

From egað on, the numbers can be masculine or feminine:

Number Cardinal Ordinal Number Cardinal Ordinal
200 diagesiø/æ diagesiod 300 trygesiø/æ trygesiod
400 teþragesiø/æ teþragesiod 500 pennagesiø/æ pennagesiod
600 esagesiø/æ esagesiod 700 eftagesiø/æ eftagesiod
800 oþagesiø/æ oþagesiod 900 enagesiø/æ enagesiod
1000 hiliø/æ hiliod 2000 diahiliø/æ diahiliod
3000 tryhiliø/æ tryhiliod 4000 teþrahiliø/æ teþrahiliod
5000 pennahiliø/æ pennahiliod 6000 esahiliø/æ esahiliod
7000 eftahiliø/æ eftahiliod 8000 oþahiliø/æ oþahiliod
10000 miriø/æ miriod 11000 miriø/æ sun hiliø/æ miriod sun hiliod
20000 dimiriø/æ dimiriod 100000 egað-hiliø egað-hiliod
500000 pennagesiø-hiliø pennagesiø-hiliod 1000000 kryn krynod
2000000 dios krynø deuðer krynod 1000000 riagryn riagryd

Pronouns and kinds of adjectives

Personal pronouns

Brythohellenic personal pronouns have three cases: nominative, accusative, and dative.

Case 1st person
Singular Plural
Nominative ew vys
Accusative ve vas
Dative vin
Case 2nd person
Singular Plural
Nominative hi fy
Accusative he fas
Dative fyn
Case 3rd person
Masculine s. Feminine s. Masculine pl. Feminine pl.
Nominative o ý ø æ
Accusative ton tyn tws tas
Dative tw ty tøs tæs

In a sentence the pronouns in dative case are positioned before of those in accusative case, so prepositions can be omitted, ex.:

  • Dwn hi vø tyn - Give it to me.

The neuter pronoun it is translated in Brythohellenic with ý. The feminine pronoun ý is written with the accent to be distinguished from the preposition y (= "than"). When there are a pronoun and a noun, the pronoun always precedes the noun, ex.:

  • Dwn hi tyn bros to køren - Give it to the lady;
  • Dwn hi ty to kuwn - Give her the dog.

Demonstratives

There are two demonstratives: ŷwn (= "this") and leð (= "that"). The first demonstrative matches perfectly the first person, whereas the second one matches both the second and the third person:

Person Adverb Demonstrative Meaning
1st nawð (= here) ŷwn this
2nd kys (= there) leð that
3rd

Demonstratives don't inflect and always follow the nouns they are referred to, and the nouns take also the article, ex.:

  • To ælŵr ŷwn - This cat.
  • Yv ew en to øk ŷwn - I'm in this house;
  • Ew ergonn e tho økø leð - I come from those houses.

Possessives

Possessives are enclitical, so they need always that the substantive they are referred to is explicit. If they have to be used as pronouns, then they are used with the definite article:

Person Possessive
ew -(y)v
hi -(y)s
o -(y)t
ý -(y)t
vys -(y)n
fy -(y)ð
ø / æ -(y)þ

Here are some examples:

  • To ælŵryv > Tov - My cat > Mine;
  • To kuwns > Tos - Your dog > Yours;
  • To gunyst > Tot - His wife > His;
  • To enyrt > Tot - Her man > Hers;
  • To þyrn > Ton - Our animal > Ours;
  • To filð > Toð - Your friend > Yours;
  • To kalenþ > Toþ - Their heart > Theirs.

Plural:

  • To ælŵrøv > Tov - My cats > Mine;
  • To kunøs > Tos - Your dogs > Yours;
  • To gunæt > Tot - His wifes > His;
  • To annyrt > Tot - Her men > Hers;
  • To þyrasyn > Ton - Our animals > Ours;
  • To filøð > Toð - Your friends > Yours;
  • To kalenæþ > Toþ - Their hearts > Theirs.

In the "possessive form" of a noun, the accent doesn't shift.

Relatives and 'interro-exclamatories'

Interrogative pronouns, which are used also to make exclamations, function also as relatives:

Case Tis (who) Ti (what)
Nominative tis ti
Accusative ten ti
Dative ty ty
Genitive twn twn

Ex.:

  • Tis ys o? - Who is he?
  • Tis kalin kuwn! - What a beautiful dog!
  • Twn ys to bivyl ŷwn? - Whose is this book?
  • Ty elegas tyn? - Whom have you said it to?
  • To egyn ys to gunys ten ew avonn - That is the woman whom I love.

Indefinites

Indefinites give us incomplete informations, because they don't define the precise quantity or the identity:

Indefinite Meaning
wðis someone/anyone
eði something/anything
mydys nobody
myden nothing
olen each
pan all
eðer other
ovoð same, self

When pan is used as adjective, it has the singular form pas and the plural forms panas for masculine and pasæ for feminine. Also eðer has got plural: eðerø for masculine and eðeræ for feminine.

Indefinites can be formed also with the word alen:

  • To alenø/æ - The others;
  • Ys hi krysonn eði alen? - Do you need something else?
  • Ys ý gnokonn wðis alen? - Does she know someone else?

Adverbs

Usually adverbs are formed by suffixation: many adverbs derive from adjectives, to that the suffix -ews is added. Some examples:

  • elyv > elvews (happy - happily);
  • lur > lurews (sad - sadly);
  • meal > mealews (great - greatly);
  • þenar > þenarews (strong - strongly);
  • aþin > aþinews (weak - weakly).

Some adverbs have got suppletive forms, ex.: iwŷð > eu; penyr > fawl.

Adverbs have got a precis position within the sentence:

  • 1) adverbs always follow subject when in the sentence there is only the verb ynyn (= to be), ex.: yv ew mal elyv (= "I am very happy");
  • 2) adverbs always follow the semantic verb, when it appears, ex.: ys ý dagrwonn þenarews (= "She cries strongly");
  • 3) adverbs always precede adjectives, ex.: ys o elion lur (= "He's a little sad").

Vocabulary

Colour terms

The colour system of Brythohellenic is particular, because, except white, black and red, colours' names derive from flowers or natural elements. Historians have supposed that as the Greeks of Conon reached Great Britain they used natural elements to estabilish a first contact between their languagage and the language of Celtic people. There are also other colour terms that come from Ancient Greek, such as klŵr (= "green"), porhur (= "purple-red"), arwirin (= "silver") or hegin (= "bronze-coloured"), but they are old-fashioned nowadays and they are used almost exclusively in literature.

Colours in Brytho-Hellenic.
Colour terms
Source Brythohellenic English
μέλαινα (Ancient Greek) melæn black
κελαινός (Ancient Greek); furvus (Latin) kelæn; fwrg dark, obscure
λαμπρός (Ancient Greek) lemyr light, pale, fair
lividus (Latin), llwyd (Welsh), disliw (Cornish) liwŷs grey
gwyn (Welsh), gwynn (Cornish) gwŷn white
φαλακρός (Ancient Greek) x eglur (Welsh) fæglur bright, lucid
rudhvelyn (Cornish), "orange" velin orange
ἐρυθρός (Ancient Greek), rhudd (Welsh), rudh (Cornish) ruðyr red
πορφυροῦς (Ancient Greek) porhur purple-red
gwaed (Welsh), "blood" gwædin burgundy
crinllys (Welsh), "violet (flower)" krilysin violet, purple
ινδικόν (Ancient Greek), "that comes from India" ynnik indigo
χλωρός (Ancient Greek); gwels (Cornish), "grass" klŵr; gwŷlsin green
ebron (Cornish), "sky" brenin light blue, cyan
θάλασσα (Ancient Greek), "sea" þalesin dark blue
mêl (Welsh), mel (Cornish), "honey" mylin yellow
dur (Cornish), "earth" durin brown
χρυσός (Ancient Greek), "gold"; owr (Cornish), "gold"; krusin; ŵrin golden
rosen (Cornish), "rose" resin pink
ἄργυρος (Ancient Greek), "star"; steren (Cornish), "star" arwirin; ytrin silver
χαλκός (Ancient Greek), "bronze"; efydd (Welsh), "bronze" helgin; yvyðin bronze-coloured

Fruit and vegetables

Fruit and vegetables
Source Brythohellenic English
μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "apple" myl red apple
afal (Welsh), aval (Cornish), "apple" aval yellow apple, generic apple
κυδωνία (Ancient Greek), "quince" kudwn green apple
στάλαγμα (Ancient Greek), "drop" talamað grape
citreum (Latin), "lemon" siðyr lemon
χρυσοῦν μῆλον (Ancient Greek), "golden apple" krumyl orange
هلو (Persian), "peach" heulv peach
ἐλαία (Ancient Greek), "olive" elað olive
لیموترش (Persian), "lemon" lamewtyr lime
κέρασος (Ancient Greek), "cherry" seres cherry
ruber (Latin), "bright red" rŷwyr watermelon
αγγούριον (Ancient Greek), "cucumber" onwŷr (pl. onwŷr-) cucumber
انجیر (Persian), "fig" neyar fig
ananas (Tupian or Guaraní) > ananassum (Neolatin), "pineapple" nanas pineapple
sevien (Cornish), syfien (Welsh), "strawberry" syvyn strawberry
νύξ (Ancient Greek), "night" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry" niþwŷrn blueberry
du (Welsh), du (Cornish), "black" + mwyaren (Welsh), "berry" duwŷrn blackberry
tomatl (Nauhatl) > tomatĭlum (Neolatin), "tomato" tovyð tomato
mahiz (Arawakan) > mahīsum (Neolatin), "maize" mehys maize
موز (Persian), "banana" mews banana
زردآلو (Persian), "apricot" serdel apricot
προυνον (Ancient Greek), "plum" brwn plum
قهوة (Arabic) > قهوه (Perisan), "coffee" hewŷf coffee
茶 (Chinese) > چای (Persian), "tea" sea (pl. seae) tea
xocolatl (Nahuatl) > chocolatĭlum (Neolatin), "chocolate" segolyð cacao (beans)
باذنجان (Arabic) > بادنجان (Persian), "eggplant" badynyn eggplant
cucurbĭta (Latin), "courgette" kurveð courgette