Cápa: Difference between revisions

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{{construction}}
{{construction}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
| image = FlagofCape.png
| imagesize = 300px
| imagecaption = Flag of [[Verse:Cape State|Cape State]], where Cápa is natively and primarily spoken.
| name = Cápa
| name = Cápa
| altname = Cápo, Cábo, Kabo, Kabosje, isiKapa, Cape [of Good Hope] Creole
| altname = Kabo, isiKapa, Cape Creole
| nativename = isiKápa
| nativename = isiKápa
| pronunciation = isi.kʰɐ́pɐ
| pronunciation = isi.kʰɐ́pɐ
| creator = User:Jukethatbox
| creator = User:Jukethatbox
| created = 2023
| created = 2023
| speakers = {{formatnum:14000000}}
| setting = [[Verse:Cape State|Cape State]], Alt-history Africa
| ethnicity = Nguni, Caper
| speakers = {{formatnum:13637500}}
| date = 2023
| date = 2023
| familycolor = Creole
| familycolor = Creole
| fam1 = Cape Creole
| fam1 = Niger-Congo-Indo-European Creole
| fam2 = East Bantu-Portuguese Creole
| dia1 = Cape dialect
| dia1 = Cape dialect
| dia2 = Durban(KwaZulu-Natal) dialect
| dia2 = Durban(KwaZulu-Natal) dialect
Line 16: Line 22:
| script1 = Latn
| script1 = Latn
| posteriori = [[w:Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]], [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[w:Zulu language|Zulu]], [[w:Xhosa language|Xhosa]], [[w:English language|English]]
| posteriori = [[w:Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]], [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[w:Zulu language|Zulu]], [[w:Xhosa language|Xhosa]], [[w:English language|English]]
| ancestor1 = Xhosa-Portuguese
| ancestor2 = Portuzulu
| ancestor3 = Afrikaans
| map = Capaspeakers.jpeg
| mapsize = 300px
| mapcaption = Map of Cápa speakers. {{legend|#17bd01|Majority Cápa speaker community.}}{{legend|#1eff00|Minority Cápa speaker community.}}
<!--Official status-->
<!--Official status-->
| nation = Cape State
| nation = Cape State
| minority = Lesotho, Orange, Eswatini
| minority = Lesotho, Orange-Transvaal
| agency = Ministeri isiKápa
| agency = Ministêrio iisiKápa
| notice = IPA
| notice = IPA
}}
}}
'''Cápa''', also known as '''Cápo''', '''Cábo''', '''Kabo''', '''Kabosje''', '''isiKapa''' and/or '''Cape [of Good Hope] Creole''', is an Afrikaans-Portuguese-English-Zulu-Xhosa [[w:Creole language|creole]] language spoken in the area between the [[w:Orange River|Orange River]] and the south African coast, commonly known as the '''Cape of Good Hope'''(''cabo da boa esperança'' in [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]]).
'''Cápa''', also known as '''Kabo''', '''isiKapa''' and/or '''Cape Creole'''(''isiKápa''; <small>Cápa:</small> [[Help:IPA|[isi.kʰɐ́pɐ]]]), is an Afrikaans-Portuguese-English-Zulu-Xhosa [[w:Creole language|creole]] language spoken in the area between the [[w:Orange River|Orange River]] and the south African coast, commonly known as the '''Cape of Good Hope'''(''cabo da boa esperança'' in [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]]). The morphology is a mixture of primarily Portuguese and Dutch(later Afrikaans), whereas the grammar is heavily influenced by Zulu and Xhosa and the East Bantu language family as a whole.


Some more modern Portuguese loanwords derive from Brazilian Portuguese rather than European Portuguese, although in some cases both variations can be used, e.g. BP ''xícara'' and EP ''chávena'', both meaning "cup", become ''shíxher''(<small>Cápa</small>: [[Help:IPA|[ʃík‖ʼɛɾ]]]), "cup" and ''sháfna''(<small>Cápa:</small> [[Help:IPA|<nowiki>[ʃɐ́ɸnɐ]</nowiki>]]), "glass(container)".
The creole developed through the various colonisers of the South African region, and indeed, the language borrows elements from all the colonisers' languages(English, Dutch(Afrikaans), Portuguese) as well as native indigenous African languages in the area(Zulu, Xhosa).
 
Some more modern Portuguese loanwords derive from Brazilian Portuguese rather than European Portuguese, although in some cases both variations can be used, e.g. BP ''xícara'' and EP ''chávena'', both meaning "cup", become ''[[Contionary:shíxher|shíxher]]''(<small>Cápa</small>: [[Help:IPA|[ʃík‖ʼɛɾ]]]), "cup" and ''[[Contionary:sháfna|sháfna]]''(<small>Cápa:</small> [[Help:IPA|<nowiki>[ʃɐ́ɸnɐ]</nowiki>]]), "glass(container)".
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
Cápa uses the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet, with tone, stress and length(of a sound) marked by diacritics. These diacritics are mostly based on the [[w:Portuguese language#Orthography|Portuguese alphabet]], with ⟨á⟩ and ⟨à⟩ indicating rising and falling tone respectively, and ⟨â⟩ indicating primary stress and ⟨ā⟩ indicating a lengthened allophone.
Cápa uses the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet, with tone, stress and length(of a sound) marked by diacritics. These diacritics are mostly based on the [[w:Portuguese language#Orthography|Portuguese alphabet]], with ⟨á⟩ and ⟨à⟩ indicating rising and falling tone respectively, and ⟨â⟩ indicating high tone, ⟨ǎ⟩ indicating low tone and ⟨ā⟩ indicating a lengthened allophone.
 
Orthography for [[Cápa#Click consonants|click consonants]] follows Xhosa orthographic convention for click consonants.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!  !! Diacritics
!  !! Diacritics
|-
|-
! Length
! Length
| '''ā · ē · ī · ō · ū'''
| ā · ē · ī · ō · ū
|-
! High
| â · ê · î · ô · û
|-
|-
! Stress
! Low
| '''â · ê · î · ô · û'''
| ǎ · ě · ǐ · ǒ · ǔ
|-
|-
! Rising tone
! Rising
| '''á · é · í · ó · ú'''
| á · é · í · ó · ú
|-
|-
! Falling tone
! Falling
| '''à · è · ì · ò · ù'''
| à · è · ì · ò · ù
|}
|}


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
====Aspiration====
Non-click consonants do not differentiate pronunciation on aspiration, unlike in Zulu and Xhosa, where ⟨kh⟩ and ⟨k⟩ can change the meaning of a word. In Cápa, different dialects aspirate different consonants in different positions within lemmas, but the meaning of the word does not change. For example, in Stellenbosch, just east of Cape Town, all plosives are aspirated, no matter their position in a lemma(e.g. [[Help:IPA|[pʰɛ́ʃʰ]]]). In Coffee Bay, consonants are only aspirated at the beginning of a lemma, e.g. in ''bantu''("person", [bʱɐntu]), where /b/ is aspirated but /t/ is not. Additionally, in ''bantu''<nowiki>'s</nowiki> accusative form, ''ibantu'', no plosive is aspirated.
Click consonants ''do'' differ on aspiration, as is the case in Zulu and Xhosa. However, in the dialect of Sehlabathebe, Lesotho, aspirated and un-aspirated click consonants switch places. So, for example, in the word ''[[Contionary:shoxoláti|shoxoláti]]'', where in standard dialects the ⟨x⟩ is unaspirated, Sehlabethebe dialect speakers(''isiSehlabétebi bantu'' in Cápa) would aspirate, and indeed, in the Cápa translation of ''[[w:The Myth of Sisyphus|The Myth of Sisyphus]]'' by [[w:Albert Camus|Albert Camus]], ''[[Contionary:shoxoláti|shoxoláti]]'' is indeed appropriately spelt ''shoxholáti''.
====Click consonants====
Cápa, like its contemporary East Bantu languages, uses click consonants, however it only uses about two-thirds as many click consonants as Xhosa, with 12 in total, compared to Xhosa's 18 click consonants and Zulu's 15.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|[[w:Dental consonant|Dental]]/[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
!rowspan=2|[[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
|- class=small
![[w:Central consonant|central]]
![[w:Lateral consonant|lateral]]
|-
!rowspan=6|[[w:Click consonant|Click]]
!<small>[[w:Tenuis consonant|tenuis]]/[[w:Ejective consonant|ejective]]</small>
|{{IPA|ᵏǀʼ}} {{grapheme|c}}
|{{IPA|ᵏǁʼ}} {{grapheme|x}}
|{{IPA|ᵏǃʼ}} {{grapheme|q}}
|-
!<small>[[w:Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]</small>
|{{IPA|ᵏǀʰ}} {{grapheme|ch}}
|{{IPA|ᵏǁʰ}} {{grapheme|xh}}
|{{IPA|ᵏǃʰ}} {{grapheme|qh}}
|-
!<small>[[w:Slack voice|slack voice]]</small>
|{{IPA|ᶢ̥ǀʱ}} {{grapheme|gc}}
|{{IPA|ᶢ̥ǁʱ}} {{grapheme|gx}}
|{{IPA|ᶢ̥ǃʱ}} {{grapheme|gq}}
|-
!<small>nasal</small>
|{{IPA|ᵑǀ}} {{grapheme|nc}}
|{{IPA|ᵑǁ}} {{grapheme|nx}}
|{{IPA|ᵑǃ}} {{grapheme|nq}}
|}
/ᵏǀʼ/ is pronounced like "tut-tut" or "tsk-tsk" in English.<br>
/ᵏǁʼ/ is pronounced like /ᵏǀʼ/ except in the same tongue position as when you pronounce /l/.<br>
/ᵏǃʼ/ is pronounced a bit like the sound that occurs when popping a cork from a bottle, or like /ᵏǁʼ/ but in the same tongue position as /ʃ/(sh) or /ʒ/(zh).
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
====Intonation====
Stress in Cápa is generally paroxytonic, where primary stress is placed on the penultimate syllable of a word.
=====Examples=====
* ''[[Contionary:shíxher|'''shí'''xher]]''(cup)
* ''[[Contionary:sháfna|'''shá'''fna]]''(glass)
* ''[[Contionary:garáfa|ga'''rá'''fa]]''(bottle)
* ''[[Contionary:péshe|'''pé'''she]]''(fish)
* ''[[Contionary:ixhésha|i'''xhé'''sha]]''(time)
* ''[[Contionary:inja|'''in'''ja]]''(dog)
* ''[[Contionary:shoxoláti|sho'''xo'''láti]]''(chocolate)
 
====Tone====
Cápa, like its contemporary languages of Zulu and Xhosa, is a tonal language, with four tones- high, low, rising and falling.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! High !!  Low !! Falling !! Rising
|-
| ˥ || ˩ || ˥˩ || ˩˥
|}


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
The general syllable structure of Cápa is (C)V(V)(C), and most words, like in Zulu, end in a vowel(with the exception of some Portuguese loanwords like ''[[Contionary:shíxher|shíxhe'''r''']]'').
 
If the dipthong ⟨ai⟩, ⟨ei⟩ or ⟨oi⟩ are succeeded by a vowel, then the /i/ is palatalised and becomes /j/, which is sometimes pronounced [ʝ] in some dialects, namely in East London.<br>
'''Examples:'''
* /ai/ + /u/ → /a'''j'''u/
** ''A-''(negative prefix) + ''Iubaba''(I have) → '''''A'''iubaba'' → ''A'''y'''ubaba''(I do not have)
* /ei/ + /e/ → /e'''jè'''/
** ''Ei-''(near future prefix) + ''Eswéla''(He drinks) →  '''''Ei'''eswéla'' → ''E'''yè'''swéla''(I will drink)
 
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
Line 66: Line 150:


-->
-->
===Nouns===
====Bagcô====
''[[Contionary:bagcô|Bagcô]]'' is a word that is often used in everyday use of Cápa. It can mean many things, and it originally meant "stick", possibly from Portuguese ''bastão''. However, inexplicably, it is now often used to indicate focus in a sentence(like in [[w:Singlish|Singlish]]/[[w:Manglish|Manglish]] ''lah''), but it is also used to mean "so", "also", "as well as" or even "to be fair", "to be honest" or "in [my] defense".
Although the word was originally considered slang, mainly by the upper classes in Cape Town, the word eventually seeped into their speech as well, and it is now an integral part of the language.
====Pronouns====
Pronouns in Cápa are prefixes to verbs, similar to grammatical structure in Zulu and Xhosa. However, the pronouns themselves are mostly based on Portuguese personal pronouns.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Cápa personal pronouns
|-
!colspan=3 rowspan=2| Person
!colspan=2|Personal
!colspan=2|Post-diphthong
|- class=small
!Singular
!Plural
!Singular
!Plural
|-
!colspan=3| 1
| ''Iu-'' || ''Noz-'' || ''-yu-'' || ''-yoz-''
|-
!colspan=3| 2
| ''Vu-'' || ''Tvu-'' || ''-fu-'' || ''-tfu-''
|-
!rowspan=2 | 3
!colspan=2 | M
| ''E-'' || ''Ele-'' || ''-è-'' || ''-èli-''
|-
!colspan=2 | F
| ''Sa-'' || ''Ilà-'' || ''-sà-'' || ''-là-''
|}


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
Like in English, Xhosa and Zulu, Cápa uses an SVO(subject-verb-object) constituent order structure.
===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
: ''Inja en kat''
: dog and cat
Alternatively, the above sentence can be spelt ''inja enkat''.
===Verb phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
Line 76: Line 199:


==Example texts==
==Example texts==
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
===Example sentences===
: ''Vufawa iisiPogcugéza?''
:: ''Do you speak Portuguese?''
:''Hi, Ayufawa iisiPogcugéza.''
:: ''No, I do not speak Portuguese.''
: ''Bagcô, vufawa iisiXhosa?''
:: ''So/Well then, do you speak Xhosa?''
: ''Ebo, Iufawa iisiXhosa. Bagcô isiZulu.''
:: ''Yes, I speak Xhosa. Zulu as well/also.''
 
==Other resources==
==Other resources==
[[Category:Cápa language]]
[[Category:Cápa language]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Bantu Languages]]
[[Category:A posteriori]]
[[Category:A posteriori]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]

Latest revision as of 14:47, 28 November 2023

Cápa
Kabo, isiKapa, Cape Creole
isiKápa
FlagofCape.png
Flag of Cape State, where Cápa is natively and primarily spoken.
Pronunciation[isi.kʰɐ́pɐ]
Created byJukethatbox
Date2023
SettingCape State, Alt-history Africa
EthnicityNguni, Caper
Native speakers13,637,500 (2023)
Niger-Congo-Indo-European Creole
  • East Bantu-Portuguese Creole
    • Cápa
Early forms
Xhosa-Portuguese
  • Portuzulu
    • Afrikaans
Dialects
  • Cape dialect
  • Durban(KwaZulu-Natal) dialect
  • Emonti(East London) dialect
SourcesAfrikaans, Portuguese, Zulu, Xhosa, English
Official status
Official language in
Cape State
Recognised minority
language in
Lesotho, Orange-Transvaal
Regulated byMinistêrio iisiKápa
Capaspeakers.jpeg
Map of Cápa speakers.
  Majority Cápa speaker community.
  Minority Cápa speaker community.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Cápa, also known as Kabo, isiKapa and/or Cape Creole(isiKápa; Cápa: [isi.kʰɐ́pɐ]), is an Afrikaans-Portuguese-English-Zulu-Xhosa creole language spoken in the area between the Orange River and the south African coast, commonly known as the Cape of Good Hope(cabo da boa esperança in Portuguese). The morphology is a mixture of primarily Portuguese and Dutch(later Afrikaans), whereas the grammar is heavily influenced by Zulu and Xhosa and the East Bantu language family as a whole.

The creole developed through the various colonisers of the South African region, and indeed, the language borrows elements from all the colonisers' languages(English, Dutch(Afrikaans), Portuguese) as well as native indigenous African languages in the area(Zulu, Xhosa).

Some more modern Portuguese loanwords derive from Brazilian Portuguese rather than European Portuguese, although in some cases both variations can be used, e.g. BP xícara and EP chávena, both meaning "cup", become shíxher(Cápa: [ʃík‖ʼɛɾ]), "cup" and sháfna(Cápa: [ʃɐ́ɸnɐ]), "glass(container)".

Phonology

Orthography

Cápa uses the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet, with tone, stress and length(of a sound) marked by diacritics. These diacritics are mostly based on the Portuguese alphabet, with ⟨á⟩ and ⟨à⟩ indicating rising and falling tone respectively, and ⟨â⟩ indicating high tone, ⟨ǎ⟩ indicating low tone and ⟨ā⟩ indicating a lengthened allophone.

Orthography for click consonants follows Xhosa orthographic convention for click consonants.

Diacritics
Length ā · ē · ī · ō · ū
High â · ê · î · ô · û
Low ǎ · ě · ǐ · ǒ · ǔ
Rising á · é · í · ó · ú
Falling à · è · ì · ò · ù

Consonants

Aspiration

Non-click consonants do not differentiate pronunciation on aspiration, unlike in Zulu and Xhosa, where ⟨kh⟩ and ⟨k⟩ can change the meaning of a word. In Cápa, different dialects aspirate different consonants in different positions within lemmas, but the meaning of the word does not change. For example, in Stellenbosch, just east of Cape Town, all plosives are aspirated, no matter their position in a lemma(e.g. [pʰɛ́ʃʰ]). In Coffee Bay, consonants are only aspirated at the beginning of a lemma, e.g. in bantu("person", [bʱɐntu]), where /b/ is aspirated but /t/ is not. Additionally, in bantu's accusative form, ibantu, no plosive is aspirated.

Click consonants do differ on aspiration, as is the case in Zulu and Xhosa. However, in the dialect of Sehlabathebe, Lesotho, aspirated and un-aspirated click consonants switch places. So, for example, in the word shoxoláti, where in standard dialects the ⟨x⟩ is unaspirated, Sehlabethebe dialect speakers(isiSehlabétebi bantu in Cápa) would aspirate, and indeed, in the Cápa translation of The Myth of Sisyphus by Albert Camus, shoxoláti is indeed appropriately spelt shoxholáti.

Click consonants

Cápa, like its contemporary East Bantu languages, uses click consonants, however it only uses about two-thirds as many click consonants as Xhosa, with 12 in total, compared to Xhosa's 18 click consonants and Zulu's 15.

Dental/Alveolar Post-
alveolar
central lateral
Click tenuis/ejective ᵏǀʼ ⟨c⟩ ᵏǁʼ ⟨x⟩ ᵏǃʼ ⟨q⟩
aspirated ᵏǀʰ ⟨ch⟩ ᵏǁʰ ⟨xh⟩ ᵏǃʰ ⟨qh⟩
slack voice ᶢ̥ǀʱ ⟨gc⟩ ᶢ̥ǁʱ ⟨gx⟩ ᶢ̥ǃʱ ⟨gq⟩
nasal ᵑǀ ⟨nc⟩ ᵑǁ ⟨nx⟩ ᵑǃ ⟨nq⟩

/ᵏǀʼ/ is pronounced like "tut-tut" or "tsk-tsk" in English.
/ᵏǁʼ/ is pronounced like /ᵏǀʼ/ except in the same tongue position as when you pronounce /l/.
/ᵏǃʼ/ is pronounced a bit like the sound that occurs when popping a cork from a bottle, or like /ᵏǁʼ/ but in the same tongue position as /ʃ/(sh) or /ʒ/(zh).

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Stress in Cápa is generally paroxytonic, where primary stress is placed on the penultimate syllable of a word.

Examples

Tone

Cápa, like its contemporary languages of Zulu and Xhosa, is a tonal language, with four tones- high, low, rising and falling.

High Low Falling Rising
˥ ˩ ˥˩ ˩˥

Phonotactics

The general syllable structure of Cápa is (C)V(V)(C), and most words, like in Zulu, end in a vowel(with the exception of some Portuguese loanwords like shíxher).

If the dipthong ⟨ai⟩, ⟨ei⟩ or ⟨oi⟩ are succeeded by a vowel, then the /i/ is palatalised and becomes /j/, which is sometimes pronounced [ʝ] in some dialects, namely in East London.
Examples:

  • /ai/ + /u/ → /aju/
    • A-(negative prefix) + Iubaba(I have) → AiubabaAyubaba(I do not have)
  • /ei/ + /e/ → /e/
    • Ei-(near future prefix) + Eswéla(He drinks) → EieswélaEswéla(I will drink)

Morphology

Nouns

Bagcô

Bagcô is a word that is often used in everyday use of Cápa. It can mean many things, and it originally meant "stick", possibly from Portuguese bastão. However, inexplicably, it is now often used to indicate focus in a sentence(like in Singlish/Manglish lah), but it is also used to mean "so", "also", "as well as" or even "to be fair", "to be honest" or "in [my] defense".

Although the word was originally considered slang, mainly by the upper classes in Cape Town, the word eventually seeped into their speech as well, and it is now an integral part of the language.

Pronouns

Pronouns in Cápa are prefixes to verbs, similar to grammatical structure in Zulu and Xhosa. However, the pronouns themselves are mostly based on Portuguese personal pronouns.

Cápa personal pronouns
Person Personal Post-diphthong
Singular Plural Singular Plural
1 Iu- Noz- -yu- -yoz-
2 Vu- Tvu- -fu- -tfu-
3 M E- Ele- -è- -èli-
F Sa- Ilà- -sà- -là-

Syntax

Constituent order

Like in English, Xhosa and Zulu, Cápa uses an SVO(subject-verb-object) constituent order structure.

Noun phrase

Inja en kat
dog and cat

Alternatively, the above sentence can be spelt inja enkat.

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Example sentences

Vufawa iisiPogcugéza?
Do you speak Portuguese?
Hi, Ayufawa iisiPogcugéza.
No, I do not speak Portuguese.
Bagcô, vufawa iisiXhosa?
So/Well then, do you speak Xhosa?
Ebo, Iufawa iisiXhosa. Bagcô isiZulu.
Yes, I speak Xhosa. Zulu as well/also.

Other resources