Dãterške: Difference between revisions

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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="background:white; text-align:left;"
|-
! Letter
! IPA Sound
! Letter Name
! IPA Letter Name
! [[:w:ISO 9|Scientific<br>Latin transliteration]]
|-
| Ӏ
| /◌ʼ/
| <i>пӀ'алєчһа</i>
| /{{IPA|pʼʡalot͡ʃħa}}/
| ‡
|-
| '
| /ʡ/~[ʔ]
| <i>нруцӕфих пӀ'алєчһа</i>
| /{{IPA|nrut͡n̥əfɪx pʼʡalot͡ʃħa}}/
| ʔ '
|-
| і
| /ʲi/
| <i>пӀ'алєчһих і</i>
| /{{IPA|pʼʡalot͡ʃħɪx iː}}/
| Ì ì
|-
| а
| /a/
| <i>а</i>
| /{{IPA|a}}/
| A a
|-
| ӑ
| /ʕ/
| <i>нруцӕфих ӑа</i>
| /{{IPA|nrut͡n̥əfɪx ʕa}}/
| Ă ă (ʕ ʿ)
|-
| я
| /ʲɒ/
| <i>я</i>
| /{{IPA|ɒ}}/
| Â â
|-
| ә
| /æ/
| <i>ә</i>
| /{{IPA|æ}}/
| Æ æ
|-
| ӕ
| /ə/
| <i>ӕ</i>
| /{{IPA|ə}}/
| Ä ä (Ə ə)
|-
| э
| /ɛ/
| <i>э</i>
| /{{IPA|ɛ}}/
| E e
|-
| ӭ
| /ɘ/
| <i>ӭ'</i> or <i>птрђих ӭ</i>
| /{{IPA|ɘʡ}}/ or /{{IPA|pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx ɘ}}/
| Ë ë
|-
| ө
| /ɞ/
| <i>ө</i>
| /{{IPA|ɞ}}/
| Œ œ
|-
| є
| /ʲo/
| <i>є</i>
| /{{IPA|o}}/
| Ĕ ĕ
|-
| е
| /ʲe/
| <i>е</i>
| /{{IPA|e}}/
| Ê ê
|-
| ё
| [ʲɵ]~/ʲø/
| <i>ё'</i> or <i>птрђих ё</i>
| /{{IPA|øʡ}}/ or /{{IPA|pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx ø}}/
| È è
|-
| и
| /ɪ/
| <i>и</i>
| /{{IPA|ɪ}}/
| I ı
|-
| ӥ
| /i/
| <i>ӥ'</i> or <i>птрђих ӥ</i>
| /{{IPA|iʡ}}/ or /{{IPA|pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx i}}/
| Î î
|-
| й
| /j/
| <i>нруцӕфих йи</i>
| /{{IPA|nrut͡n̥əfɪx jɪ}}/
| Ĭ ĭ (J j)
|-
| о
| /ʌ/
| <i>о</i>
| /{{IPA|ʌ}}/
| O o
|-
| ӧ
| /ɤ/
| <i>ӧ'</i> or <i>птрђих ӧ</i>
| /{{IPA|ɤʡ}}/ or /{{IPA|pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx ɤ}}/
| Ö ö
|-
| у
| /u/
| <i>у</i>
| /{{IPA|u}}/
| U u
|-
| ў
| /w/
| <i>нруцӕфих ўу</i>
| /{{IPA|nrut͡n̥əfɪx wu}}/
| Ŭ ŭ (W w)
|-
| ұ
| /y/
| <i>ұ</i> or <i>пӀ'алєчһих ұ</i>
| /{{IPA|y}}/ or /{{IPA|pʼʡalot͡ʃħɪx y}}/
| Ù ù
|-
| ю
| /ʲɯ/
| <i>ю</i>
| /{{IPA|ɯ}}/
| Û û
|-
| ы
| /ɨ/
| <i>ы</i>
| /{{IPA|ɨ}}/
| Y y
|-
| ӹ
| /ʉ/
| <i>ӹ'</i> or <i>птрђих ӹ</i>
| /{{IPA|ʉʡ}}/ or /{{IPA|pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx ʉ}}/
| Ÿ ÿ
|-
| м
| /ɱ/
| <i>эм</i>
| /{{IPA|ɛɱ}}/
| M m
|-
| н
| /n/
| <i>эн</i>
| /{{IPA|ɛn}}/
| N n
|-
| ң
| /◌̃/
| <i>р'ьәњӕы эң</i> or <i> пӀ'алєчһих эң</i>
| /{{IPA|rʡʲæɲə͡ɨ ɛ̃}}/ or /{{IPA|pʼʡalot͡ʃħɪx ɛ̃}}/
| Ņ ņ
|-
| ц
| /t͡n̥/~[θ]
| <i>цэ</i>
| /{{IPA|t͡n̥ɛ}}/
| C c
|-
| њ
| /ɲ/
| <i>њэ</i>
| /{{IPA|ɲɛ}}/
| N̂ n̂ (Ñ ñ)
|-
| б
| /p̬/~[b̪]
| <i>эб</i>
| /{{IPA|ɛp̬}}/
| B b
|-
| п
| /pʰ/
| <i>пэ</i>
| /{{IPA|p̪ʰɛ}}/
| P p
|-
| д
| /t̬/~[d̟]
| <i>эд</i>
| /{{IPA|ɛt̬}}/
| D d
|-
| т
| /tʰ/~[t̟ʰ]
| <i>тэ</i>
| /{{IPA|tʰɛ}}/
| T t
|-
| џ
| /d͡ʒ/
| <i>эџ</i>
| /{{IPA|ɛd͡ʒ}}/
| D̂ d̂
|-
| ч
| /t͡ʃ/
| <i>чэ</i>
| /{{IPA|t͡ʃɛ}}/
| Č č
|-
| ђ
| /c̬/~[ɟ]
| <i>эђ</i>
| /{{IPA|ɛc̬}}/
| Đ đ
|-
| ћ
| /cʰ/
| <i>эћ</i>
| /{{IPA|cʰɛ}}/
| Ć ć
|-
| ӵ
| /c͡ç/
| <i>ӵэ</i>
| /{{IPA|c͡çɛ}}/
| C̈ c̈
|-
| г
| /k̬/~[g]
| <i>эг</i>
| /{{IPA|ɛk̬}}/
| G g
|-
| к
| /kʰ/
| <i>кэ</i>
| /{{IPA|kʰɛ}}/
| K k
|-
| ҝ
| /q͡χ/
| <i>ҝэ</i>
| /{{IPA|q͡χɛ}}/
| Q q
|-
| в
| /v/
| <i>ве</i>
| /{{IPA|vʲe}}/
| V v
|-
| ф
| /f/
| <i>еф</i>
| /{{IPA|ef}}/
| F f
|-
| з
| /z/
| <i>зе</i>
| /{{IPA|z̟ʲe}}/
| Z z
|-
| с
| /s/
| <i>ес</i>
| /{{IPA|es̟}}/
| S s
|-
| ԇ
| /sˤ/~[z̥]
| <i>ԇөд</i>
| /{{IPA|sˤɞt̬}}/
| Sz sz
|-
| ж
| /ʒ/
| <i>же</i>
| /{{IPA|ʒʲe}}/
| Ž ž
|-
| ш
| /ʃ/
| <i>еш</i>
| /{{IPA|eʃ}}/
| Š š
|-
| җ
| /ʝ/
| <i>җе</i>
| /{{IPA|ʝe}}/
| Ẑ ẑ
|-
| щ
| /ç/
| <i>ещ</i>
| /{{IPA|eç}}/
| Ŝ ŝ
|-
| ғ
| /ɣ/
| <i>ғе</i>
| /{{IPA|ɣʲe}}/
| Ġ ġ
|-
| х
| /x/
| <i>ех</i>
| /{{IPA|ex}}/
| X x
|-
| һ
| /ħ/~[h]
| <i>һе</i>
| /{{IPA|ħʲe}}/
| H h
|-
| р
| /r/~[ɹ]
| <i>ер</i>
| /{{IPA|er}}/
| R r
|-
| ь
| /j/~/◌ʲ/
| <i>ьерь</i> or <i>йерь</i>
| /{{IPA|jerʲ}}/
| ′
|-
| ъ
| /w/~/◌ʷ/
| <i>ъеръ</i> or <i>ўеръ</i>
| /{{IPA|werʷ}}/
| ″
|-
| ҍ
| /ʕ/~/◌ˤ/
| <i>ҍерҍ</i> or <i>ӑерҍ</i>
| /{{IPA|ʕerˤ}}/
| ‴
|-
| л
| /l/~[ɮ]
| <i>ел</i>
| /{{IPA|el}}/
| L l
|-
| љ
| /ʎ/
| <i>љер</i>
| /{{IPA|ʎer}}/
| L̂ l̂ (Ł ł)
|-
|}
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
 
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+ | Danterške consonant phonemes
|-
! colspan=2 rowspan=2|
! rowspan=2| [[:w:Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]]
! colspan=2| [[:w:Denti-alveolar consonant|Denti-alveolar]]
! rowspan=2| [[:w:Postalveolar consonant|Palato-alveolar]]
! rowspan=2| [[:w:Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! rowspan=2| [[:w:Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan=2| [[:w:Epiglottal consonant|Pharyngeal/Uvelar]]
|-
! {{small|plain}}
! {{small|[[:w:Secondary articulation|2 artic.]]}}
|-
! colspan=2| [[:w:Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA|ɱ}} (м)
| {{IPA|n}} (н)
| {{IPA|t͡n̥}}~{{IPA|θ}} (ц)
|
| {{IPA|ɲ}} (њ)
|
|
|-
! rowspan=3| [[:w:Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! {{small|[[:w:Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
| {{IPA|pʰ}} (п)
| {{IPA|tʰ}} (т)
|
|
| {{IPA|cʰ}} (ћ)
| {{IPA|kʰ}} (к)
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|ʡ}} (')
|-
! {{small|[[:w:Fortis and lenis|lenis]]}}
| {{IPA|p̬}} (б)
| {{IPA|t̬}} (д)
|
|
| {{IPA|c̬}} (ђ)
| {{IPA|k̬}} (г)
|-
! {{small|[[:w:Ejective consonant|ejective]]}}
| {{IPA|pʼ}} (пӀ)
| {{IPA|tʼ}} (тӀ)
|
| {{IPA|t͡ʃʼ}} (чӀ)
| {{IPA|cʼ}} (ћӀ)
| {{IPA|kʼ}} (кӀ)
| {{IPA|qʼ}} (ҝӀ)
|-
|-
! rowspan=6| [[:w:Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! rowspan=2| {{small|[[:w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|p͡f}} (пф)
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|t͡s}} (тс)
| rowspan=2|
| {{IPA|t͡ʃ}} (ч)
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|c͡ç}} (ӵ)
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|q͡χ~k͡xʷ}} (ҝ)
|-
| {{IPA|ʃt͡ʃ}} (щӀ)
|-
! rowspan=2| {{small|[[:w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|b͡v}} (бв)
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|d͡z}} (дз)
| rowspan=2|
| {{IPA|d͡ʒ}} (џ)
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
| rowspan=2|
|-
| {{IPA|ʒd͡ʒ}} (җӀ)
|-
! rowspan=2| {{small|[[:w:nasal release|nasal release]]}}
| rowspan=2|
| {{IPA|t̟ⁿʰ}} (тң)
| colspan=2| {{IPA|t͡ʃ̃ⁿ}} (чң)
| {{IPA|cⁿʰ}} (ћң)
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|g̊ⁿ}} (кң,гң)
| rowspan=2|
|-
| {{IPA|dⁿ~nˑ}} (дң)
| colspan=2| {{IPA|d͡ʒ̃ⁿ}} (џң)
| {{IPA|ɟⁿ~ɲˑ}} (ђң)
|-
! rowspan=4| [[:w:Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! {{small|[[:w:voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPA|f}} (ф)
| {{IPA|s}}<small><ref name=a group=note>Denti-alveolar consonants, nor any fricatives, are never [[:w:Sibilant|sibilants]].</ref></small> (с)
| {{IPA|sˤ~z̥}}<small><ref name=a group=note>Denti-alveolar consonants, nor any fricatives, are never [[:w:Sibilant|sibilants]].</ref></small> (ԇ)
| {{IPA|ʃ}} (ш)
| {{IPA|ç}} (щ)
| {{IPA|x}} (х)
| {{IPA|ħ}} (һ)
|-
! {{small|[[:w:voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPA|v}} (в)
| {{IPA|z}}<small><ref name=a group=note>Denti-alveolar consonants, nor any fricatives, are never [[:w:Sibilant|sibilants]].</ref></small> (з)
| {{IPA|zʲ}} (зь)
| {{IPA|ʒ}} (ж)
| {{IPA|ʝ}} (җ)
| {{IPA|ɣ}} (ғ)
|
|-
! rowspan=2| {{small|[[:w:Nasalization|nasalized]]}}
| {{IPA|f̃}} (фң)
| {{IPA|s̃}} (сң)
| rowspan=2| {{IPA|s̃ˤ}} (ԇң)
| {{IPA|ʃ̃}} (шң)
| {{IPA|ç̃}} (щң)
| {{IPA|x̃}} (хң)
| rowspan=2|
|-
| {{IPA|ṽ}} (вң)
| {{IPA|z̃}} (зң)
| {{IPA|ʒ̃}} (жң)
|
|
|-
! colspan=2| [[:w:Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
| {{IPA|r~ɹ}} (р)
| {{IPA|rⁿ}} (рң)
| {{IPA|rʲ}} (рь)
| {{IPA|j}} (ь,й)
| {{IPA|w}} (ъ,ў)
| {{IPA|ʕ}} (ҍ,ӑ)
|-
! rowspan=2| [[:w:Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
! {{small|[[:w:Oral consonant|oral]]}}
|
| {{IPA|l}}~{{IPA|ɮ}} (л)
|
|
| {{IPA|ʎ}} (љ)
|
|
|-
! {{small|[[:w:Nasalization|nasalized]]}}
|
| {{IPA|l̃}} (лң)
|
|
| {{IPA|ʎ̃}} (љң)
|
|
|-
|-
|}
{{reflist|group=note}}
===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Dãterške vowel phonemes
!rowspan=2 colspan=2|
!colspan=2| [[:w:Front vowel|Front]]
!colspan=2| [[:w:Central vowel|Central]]
!colspan=2| [[:w:Back vowel|Back]]
|-class=small
! [[:w:Unrounded vowel|unrounded]]
! [[:w:Rounded vowel|rounded]]
! unrounded
! rounded
! unrounded
! rounded
|-
!rowspan=2| [[:w:Close vowel|Close]]
! {{small|[[:w:Oral vowel|oral]]}}
| {{IPA|i}} (ӥ) {{IPA|ʲi(ː)}} (і)
| {{IPA|y}} (ұ)
| {{IPA|ɨ}} (ы)
| {{IPA|ʉ}} (ӹ)
|
| {{IPA|u}} (у)
|-
!  {{small|[[:w:Nasalization|nasal]]}}
| {{IPA|ĩ}} (ің/ӥң)
| {{IPA|ỹ}} (ұң)
| {{IPA|ɨ̃}} (ың)
| {{IPA|ʉ̃}} (ӹң)
|
| {{IPA|ũ}} (уң)
|-
!rowspan=2| [[:w:Near-close vowel|Near-close]]
! {{small|oral}}
| {{IPA|ɪ}} (и)
|
|
|
| {{IPA|ʲɯ}} (ю)
|
|-
! {{small|nasal}}
| {{IPA|ɪ̃}} (иң)
|
|
|
| {{IPA|ɯ̃}} (юң)
|
|-
!rowspan=2| [[:w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
! {{small|oral}}
| {{IPA|ʲe}} (е)
|
| {{IPA|ɘ}} (ӭ)
| {{IPA|ʲɵ~ʲø}} (ё)
| {{IPA|ɤ}} (ӧ)
|
|-
! {{small|nasal}}
| {{IPA|ẽ}} (ең)
|
| {{IPA|ɘ̃}} (ӭң)
| {{IPA|ɵ̃~ø̃}} (ёң)
| {{IPA|ɤ̃}} (ӧң)
|
|-
!rowspan=2| [[:w:Mid vowel|Mid]]
! {{small|oral}}
|
|
| {{IPA|ə}} (ӕ)
|
|
| {{IPA|ʲo}} (є)
|-
! {{small|nasal}}
|
|
| {{IPA|ə̃}} (ӕң)
|
|
| {{IPA|õ}} (єң)
|-
!rowspan=2| [[:w:Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
! {{small|oral}}
| {{IPA|ɛ}} (э)
|
|
| {{IPA|ɞ}} (ө)
| {{IPA|ʌ}} (о)
|
|-
! {{small|nasal}}
| {{IPA|ɛ̃}} (эң)
|
|
| {{IPA|ɞ̃}} (өң)
| {{IPA|ʌ̃}} (оң)
|
|-
!rowspan=2| [[:w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]
! {{small|oral}}
| {{IPA|æ}} (ә)
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! {{small|nasal}}
| {{IPA|æ̃}} (әң)
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2| [[:w:Open vowel|Open]]
! {{small|oral}}
| {{IPA|a}} (а)
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA|ʲɒ}} (я)
|-
! {{small|nasal}}
| {{IPA|ã}} (аң)
|
|
|
|
| {{IPA|ɒ̃}} (яң)
|}
===Prosody===
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Stress====
Line 109: Line 761:
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->

Revision as of 03:05, 1 July 2018


Danterske
Дантэршкэ
Progress: 95%
Type
Agglutinative
Alignment
Ergative-absolutive
Head direction
Initial Mixed Final
Primary word order
Subject-object-verb
Tonal
No
Declensions
Yes
Conjugations
Yes
Genders
1
Nouns decline according to...
Case Number
Definiteness Gender
Verbs conjugate according to...
Voice Mood
Person Number
Tense Aspect
Danterske
Дантэршкэ
Дантэрскэ атӕжӀұец
Pronunciation[/t̬antʰɛrʃkʰɛ/
/t̬antʰɛrskʰɛ atʰəʒd͡ʒyjet͡n̥/]
Created byElliott Wheeler
Language codes
ISO 639-3dle

Dãterške (Дантэршкэ, Дантэрскэ атӕжӀұец) is a language created by Elliott Wheeler originally desiğned to suit the needs of the scientific community. Due to several drastic changes during the course of its development, the language is loosely based off of Proto-Altaic, various Slavic languages, and her native idiolect of English, but is ultimately a priori.


Introduction

Phonology

Orthography

Letter IPA Sound Letter Name IPA Letter Name Scientific
Latin transliteration
Ӏ /◌ʼ/ пӀ'алєчһа /pʼʡalot͡ʃħa/ ‡
' /ʡ/~[ʔ] нруцӕфих пӀ'алєчһа /nrut͡n̥əfɪx pʼʡalot͡ʃħa/ ʔ '
і /ʲi/ пӀ'алєчһих і /pʼʡalot͡ʃħɪx iː/ Ì ì
а /a/ а /a/ A a
ӑ /ʕ/ нруцӕфих ӑа /nrut͡n̥əfɪx ʕa/ Ă ă (ʕ ʿ)
я /ʲɒ/ я /ɒ/ Â â
ә /æ/ ә /æ/ Æ æ
ӕ /ə/ ӕ /ə/ Ä ä (Ə ə)
э /ɛ/ э /ɛ/ E e
ӭ /ɘ/ ӭ' or птрђих ӭ /ɘʡ/ or /pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx ɘ/ Ë ë
ө /ɞ/ ө /ɞ/ Œ œ
є /ʲo/ є /o/ Ĕ ĕ
е /ʲe/ е /e/ Ê ê
ё [ʲɵ]~/ʲø/ ё' or птрђих ё /øʡ/ or /pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx ø/ È è
и /ɪ/ и /ɪ/ I ı
ӥ /i/ ӥ' or птрђих ӥ /iʡ/ or /pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx i/ Î î
й /j/ нруцӕфих йи /nrut͡n̥əfɪx jɪ/ Ĭ ĭ (J j)
о /ʌ/ о /ʌ/ O o
ӧ /ɤ/ ӧ' or птрђих ӧ /ɤʡ/ or /pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx ɤ/ Ö ö
у /u/ у /u/ U u
ў /w/ нруцӕфих ўу /nrut͡n̥əfɪx wu/ Ŭ ŭ (W w)
ұ /y/ ұ or пӀ'алєчһих ұ /y/ or /pʼʡalot͡ʃħɪx y/ Ù ù
ю /ʲɯ/ ю /ɯ/ Û û
ы /ɨ/ ы /ɨ/ Y y
ӹ /ʉ/ ӹ' or птрђих ӹ /ʉʡ/ or /pʰtʰr̩c̬ɪx ʉ/ Ÿ ÿ
м /ɱ/ эм /ɛɱ/ M m
н /n/ эн /ɛn/ N n
ң /◌̃/ р'ьәњӕы эң or пӀ'алєчһих эң /rʡʲæɲə͡ɨ ɛ̃/ or /pʼʡalot͡ʃħɪx ɛ̃/ Ņ ņ
ц /t͡n̥/~[θ] цэ /t͡n̥ɛ/ C c
њ /ɲ/ њэ /ɲɛ/ N̂ n̂ (Ñ ñ)
б /p̬/~[b̪] эб /ɛp̬/ B b
п /pʰ/ пэ /p̪ʰɛ/ P p
д /t̬/~[d̟] эд /ɛt̬/ D d
т /tʰ/~[t̟ʰ] тэ /tʰɛ/ T t
џ /d͡ʒ/ эџ /ɛd͡ʒ/ D̂ d̂
ч /t͡ʃ/ чэ /t͡ʃɛ/ Č č
ђ /c̬/~[ɟ] эђ /ɛc̬/ Đ đ
ћ /cʰ/ эћ /cʰɛ/ Ć ć
ӵ /c͡ç/ ӵэ /c͡çɛ/ C̈ c̈
г /k̬/~[g] эг /ɛk̬/ G g
к /kʰ/ кэ /kʰɛ/ K k
ҝ /q͡χ/ ҝэ /q͡χɛ/ Q q
в /v/ ве /vʲe/ V v
ф /f/ еф /ef/ F f
з /z/ зе /z̟ʲe/ Z z
с /s/ ес /es̟/ S s
ԇ /sˤ/~[z̥] ԇөд /sˤɞt̬/ Sz sz
ж /ʒ/ же /ʒʲe/ Ž ž
ш /ʃ/ еш /eʃ/ Š š
җ /ʝ/ җе /ʝe/ Ẑ ẑ
щ /ç/ ещ /eç/ Ŝ ŝ
ғ /ɣ/ ғе /ɣʲe/ Ġ ġ
х /x/ ех /ex/ X x
һ /ħ/~[h] һе /ħʲe/ H h
р /r/~[ɹ] ер /er/ R r
ь /j/~/◌ʲ/ ьерь or йерь /jerʲ/ ′
ъ /w/~/◌ʷ/ ъеръ or ўеръ /werʷ/ ″
ҍ /ʕ/~/◌ˤ/ ҍерҍ or ӑерҍ /ʕerˤ/ ‴
л /l/~[ɮ] ел /el/ L l
љ /ʎ/ љер /ʎer/ L̂ l̂ (Ł ł)

Consonants

Danterške consonant phonemes
Labiodental Denti-alveolar Palato-alveolar Palatal Velar Pharyngeal/Uvelar
plain 2 artic.
Nasal ɱ (м) n (н) t͡n̥~θ (ц) ɲ (њ)
Plosive aspirated pʰ (п) tʰ (т) cʰ (ћ) kʰ (к) ʡ (')
lenis p̬ (б) t̬ (д) c̬ (ђ) k̬ (г)
ejective pʼ (пӀ) tʼ (тӀ) t͡ʃʼ (чӀ) cʼ (ћӀ) kʼ (кӀ) qʼ (ҝӀ)
Affricate voiceless p͡f (пф) t͡s (тс) t͡ʃ (ч) c͡ç (ӵ) q͡χ~k͡xʷ (ҝ)
ʃt͡ʃ (щӀ)
voiced b͡v (бв) d͡z (дз) d͡ʒ (џ)
ʒd͡ʒ (җӀ)
nasal release t̟ⁿʰ (тң) t͡ʃ̃ⁿ (чң) cⁿʰ (ћң) g̊ⁿ (кң,гң)
dⁿ~nˑ (дң) d͡ʒ̃ⁿ (џң) ɟⁿ~ɲˑ (ђң)
Fricative voiceless f (ф) s[note 1] (с) sˤ~z̥[note 1] (ԇ) ʃ (ш) ç (щ) x (х) ħ (һ)
voiced v (в) z[note 1] (з) zʲ (зь) ʒ (ж) ʝ (җ) ɣ (ғ)
nasalized f̃ (фң) s̃ (сң) s̃ˤ (ԇң) ʃ̃ (шң) ç̃ (щң) x̃ (хң)
ṽ (вң) z̃ (зң) ʒ̃ (жң)
Approximant r~ɹ (р) rⁿ (рң) rʲ (рь) j (ь,й) w (ъ,ў) ʕ (ҍ,ӑ)
Lateral oral l~ɮ (л) ʎ (љ)
nasalized l̃ (лң) ʎ̃ (љң)
  1. ^ a b c Denti-alveolar consonants, nor any fricatives, are never sibilants.

Vowels

Dãterške vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Close oral i (ӥ) ʲi(ː) (і) y (ұ) ɨ (ы) ʉ (ӹ) u (у)
nasal ĩ (ің/ӥң) ỹ (ұң) ɨ̃ (ың) ʉ̃ (ӹң) ũ (уң)
Near-close oral ɪ (и) ʲɯ (ю)
nasal ɪ̃ (иң) ɯ̃ (юң)
Close-mid oral ʲe (е) ɘ (ӭ) ʲɵ~ʲø (ё) ɤ (ӧ)
nasal ẽ (ең) ɘ̃ (ӭң) ɵ̃~ø̃ (ёң) ɤ̃ (ӧң)
Mid oral ə (ӕ) ʲo (є)
nasal ə̃ (ӕң) õ (єң)
Open-mid oral ɛ (э) ɞ (ө) ʌ (о)
nasal ɛ̃ (эң) ɞ̃ (өң) ʌ̃ (оң)
Near-open oral æ (ә)
nasal æ̃ (әң)
Open oral a (а) ʲɒ (я)
nasal ã (аң) ɒ̃ (яң)

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

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