Idavic languages: Difference between revisions
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====The auxiliary==== | ====The auxiliary==== | ||
Explain and/or fix: | |||
====Tables==== | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+ '''Inflection of the preverb''' | |||
!rowspan="2"| | |||
!colspan="3"| present | |||
!colspan="3"| past | |||
!colspan="3"| future/subjunctive | |||
|- | |||
! <small>pos.</small></small> || <small>neg.</small> || <small>foc.</small> || <small>pos.</small> || <small>neg.</small> || <small>foc.</small> || <small>pos.</small> || <small>neg.</small> || <small>foc.</small> | |||
|- | |||
! direct (verbal) | |||
| ''vor'' | |||
| ''mar'' | |||
| ''thom' '' | |||
| ''lōkh'' | |||
| ''larra'' | |||
| ''lōm''' | |||
| ''zhar't'', ∅ | |||
| ''bai''' | |||
| ''zharm''' | |||
|- | |||
! mirative | |||
| ''thwal'' | |||
| ''lizhmer'' | |||
| ''thwal'om''' | |||
| ''thwakh'' | |||
| ''thwakhra'' | |||
| ''thwakh lōm''' | |||
| ''thwal zhar't'' | |||
| ''thwal bai''' | |||
| ''thwal zharm''' | |||
|- | |||
! hearsay | |||
| ''shaf'' | |||
| ''shaf mar'' | |||
| ''shafom' '' | |||
| ''shafakh'' | |||
| ''shafra'' | |||
| ''shaf lōm''' | |||
| ''shaf zhar't'' | |||
| ''shaf bai''' | |||
| ''shaf zharm' '' | |||
|- | |||
! inferential | |||
| ''tib'' | |||
| ''tib mar'' | |||
| ''tib thom' '' | |||
| ''tílakh'' | |||
| ''tib ra'' | |||
| ''tib lōm''' | |||
| ''tib zhar't'' | |||
| ''tib bai''' | |||
| ''tib zharm' '' | |||
|- | |||
! question | |||
| ''am'' | |||
| ''maand'' | |||
| ''am thom' '' | |||
| ''okh'' | |||
| ''morra'' | |||
| ''okh thom''' | |||
| ''ner't'' | |||
| ''ner'bai''' | |||
| ''nerm''' | |||
|- | |||
! relativizer (direct) | |||
| ''vi'' | |||
| ''dov'' | |||
| ''vi thom''' | |||
| ''vikh'' | |||
| ''dover'' | |||
| ''vikh thom''' | |||
| ''ver't'' | |||
| ''do'ft'' | |||
| ''verm''' | |||
|- | |||
! relativizer (indirect) | |||
| ''cha' '' | |||
| ''do'ch'' | |||
| ''cha' thom''' | |||
| ''chakh'' | |||
| ''do'char'' | |||
| ''chakh thom''' | |||
| ''char't'' | |||
| ''do'cht'' | |||
| ''charm''' | |||
|- | |||
! complementizer | |||
| ''ith'' | |||
| ''dor'' | |||
| ''ith thom' '' | |||
| ''ian'' | |||
| ''dorn'' | |||
| ''ian thom' '' | |||
| ''naaf'' | |||
| ''dor't'' | |||
| ''naaf thom' '' | |||
|- | |||
! if (real) | |||
| ''sher'' | |||
| ''rikh'' | |||
| ''sher thom' '' | |||
| ''shern'' | |||
| ''reen'' | |||
| ''shern thom' '' | |||
| ''wher't'' | |||
| ''reer't'' | |||
| ''wher't thom' '' | |||
|- | |||
! if (irreal or less vivid) | |||
| ''roogħ'' | |||
| ''rikh'' | |||
| ''roogħ thom' '' | |||
| ''roogħan'' | |||
| ''reen'' | |||
| ''roogħan thom' '' | |||
| ''roor't'' | |||
| ''reer't'' | |||
| ''roogħ zhar't thom' '' | |||
|} | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Revision as of 15:46, 13 March 2020
Ashe and Hirst's Shalaian grammar provides the following diachronics:
Phonology
- Consonants: b d j g ɓ t’ č’ k’ kʷ’ q’ p t č k kʷ q s h ʔ m n l r w y ʕ
- Vowels: a i u ā ī ū ō ə
- Pitch accent: modal (á), creaky (aˀ)
Diachronics
- b > v; ɓ > b; g > għ-, -j; j > ʒ
- Grimm's law: p t č kʷ q > f θ ʃ x H
- q G q' > H ayin q
- further shifts: kʷ' > kʷ > xʷ
- Vowel shifts: ā > /ɛɪ/ (except before pharyngeals); ō > /əʊ/, u > /ɒ/, iw > /ju:/
- final -ā -ī shorten to -a -i
- Loss of initial glottal stop, then loss of non-prevocalic /r/
- Historical long vowels (also /ɑː/ from historical /ar/) shorten before /ʕ/
Phonotactics
1- or 2- syllabic roots most common: CVC, CVCC, CVCCa, CVCVC, CVCCVC
Morphology
Tone changes were part of the morphology of Proto-Shalaian, as in Modern Shalaian.
The three genders, the strong and weak declensions and the two sets of possessive markers are all Proto-Shalaian features. Verbs were not inflected for tense or person, and were syntactically verbal nouns; it is thought that verbs developed personal marking later from possessed (even doubly-possessed) verbal noun forms.
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
The auxiliary
Explain and/or fix:
Tables
| present | past | future/subjunctive | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pos. | neg. | foc. | pos. | neg. | foc. | pos. | neg. | foc. | |
| direct (verbal) | vor | mar | thom' | lōkh | larra | lōm' | zhar't, ∅ | bai' | zharm' |
| mirative | thwal | lizhmer | thwal'om' | thwakh | thwakhra | thwakh lōm' | thwal zhar't | thwal bai' | thwal zharm' |
| hearsay | shaf | shaf mar | shafom' | shafakh | shafra | shaf lōm' | shaf zhar't | shaf bai' | shaf zharm' |
| inferential | tib | tib mar | tib thom' | tílakh | tib ra | tib lōm' | tib zhar't | tib bai' | tib zharm' |
| question | am | maand | am thom' | okh | morra | okh thom' | ner't | ner'bai' | nerm' |
| relativizer (direct) | vi | dov | vi thom' | vikh | dover | vikh thom' | ver't | do'ft | verm' |
| relativizer (indirect) | cha' | do'ch | cha' thom' | chakh | do'char | chakh thom' | char't | do'cht | charm' |
| complementizer | ith | dor | ith thom' | ian | dorn | ian thom' | naaf | dor't | naaf thom' |
| if (real) | sher | rikh | sher thom' | shern | reen | shern thom' | wher't | reer't | wher't thom' |
| if (irreal or less vivid) | roogħ | rikh | roogħ thom' | roogħan | reen | roogħan thom' | roor't | reer't | roogħ zhar't thom' |
Syntax
Proto-Shalaian syntax was AuxVOS:
- Stative verbs (eventually all intransitives): Aux_i prep VN-w_i S_i (abs/erg in Shal.)
- Dynamic verbs (eventually transitives): Aux_i prep s_j-VN-w_i O_j S_i (abs/erg in Shal.)
- Infinitive clauses: prep VN.INF-w_i S_i O ... (nom/acc in Shal.)