Idavic languages: Difference between revisions
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=== Verbs === | === Verbs === | ||
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
! Binyan !! Intransitive (or passive) !! Transitive (or active) !! Applicative !! Transgressive !! Verbal noun | |||
|- | |||
! 1 | |||
| ''*1i2a3'' || ''*-(e)12a3'' || ''*-i1in2a3'' || ''*1a2ō3'' || ''*1a2ī3'', ''*1e2ī3'' | |||
|- | |||
! 2 | |||
| ''*qa12ū3'' || ''*-u12i3'' || ''*-u1yn2i3'' || ''*qa12ō3'' || ''*qa12ē3'' | |||
|- | |||
! 3 | |||
| ''*qa1a2u3'' || ''*-a12i3'' || ''*-a1in2i3'' || ''*qa1a2ō3'' || ''*qa12a3e'' | |||
|- | |||
! 4 | |||
| ''*{{ng}}a12u3'' || ''*-ud1u2i3'' || ''*-u{{ng}}1in2i3'' || ''*{{ng}}a12ō3'' || ''*ta12ū3e'' | |||
|- | |||
! 5 | |||
| ''*qi1:a2u3'' || ''*-u1:i2i3'' || ''*-u1:in2i3'' || ''*qi1:a2ō3'' || ''*qu1:a2ē3'' | |||
|- | |||
! 6 | |||
| ''*1a22u3'' || ''*-u1a22i3'' || ''*-u12in2i3'' || ''*qy1a22ō3'' || ''*te1a22ē3'' | |||
|- | |||
! 7 | |||
| ''*qi21a2u3'' || ''*-i21a2i3'' || ''*-i21yn2u3'' || ''*qi21a2ō3'' || ''*qu21a23e'' | |||
|- | |||
! 8 | |||
| ''*1as2u3'' || ''*-u1as2i3'' || ''*-u1isin2o3'' || ''*1as2ō3'' || ''*tu1as2ē3'' | |||
|- | |||
! 9 | |||
| ''*1i2a3u3'' || ''*-i12a3i3'' || ''*-i1in2i3u3'' || ''*1a2a3ō3'' || ''*tu12a3ē3'' | |||
|- | |||
! 10 | |||
| ''*1a2a2u3'' || ''*-a12a2i3'' || ''*-i1in2a2u3'' || ''*1a2a2ō3'' || ''*ti12a2ē3'' | |||
|- | |||
! 11 | |||
| ''*1i31a2u3'' || ''*-i1i31a2i3'' || ''*-i1i31in2u3'' || ''*1i31a2ō3'' || ''*1i31a2ē3'' | |||
|} | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
Revision as of 20:28, 20 July 2022
| Idavic | |
|---|---|
| Created by | – |
| Geographic distribution | Etalocin, eastern Txapoalli, Bjeheond |
| Linguistic classification | One of Tricin's primary language families |
| Proto-language | Proto-Idavic (PId) |
Idavic or Idavo-Etalocian is a Trician language family which includes Dodellic. The urheimat is central-western Etalocin.
Inspiration: Semitic, IE
Proto-Idavic grammar was very similar to that of Classical Netagin. Modern Idavic languages native to Etalocin have various typologies depending on the sprachbund.
Family tree
- Idavic
Phonology
Consonants
Proto-Idavic had about 26 consonants and had a distinction between front and back coronals and front and back velars.
| Labial | Front coronal | Back coronal | Front velar | Back velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n̪~n̠/ | ŋ /ɲ~ŋ/ | ||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t̪/ | ť /t̠/ | ḱ /k̟/ | k /k̠/ | ʔ /ʔ/ |
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d̪/ | ď /d̠/ | ǵ /g̟/ | g /g̠/ | ||
| Fricative | s /s̟/ | š /s̠/ | x́ /x̟/ | x /x̠/ | h /h/ | ||
| Affricate | c /t̪s̟/ | č /t̠s̠/ | |||||
| Resonant | w /w/ | l /l̪/ | r /r/, ľ /ɺ/ | y /j/ | |||
s c were lamino-dental, and š č were retracted apico-alveolar.
Vowels
Proto-Idavic had a vowel system similar to that of Proto-Balto-Slavic.
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i /ɪ/ | ī /i:/ | u /ʊ/ | ū /u:/ |
| Open | e /æ/ | ē /æ:/ | a /ɑ/ | ā /ɑ:/ |
Diphthongs: ay aw ey ew
Suprasegmentals
- Pitch accent: modal (á), creaky (ã)
- Creaky voice is the source of glottal reinforcement in Shalaian, gemination in Netagin and Khmerization in Eodlan.
Morphology
Triconsonantal but only Netagin preserves this
active vs stative verbs turns into agent-oriented vs patient oriented in Netagin, but turns into tense in other Idavic languages
Pronouns
Nouns
| decl. A | decl. B | decl. C | decl. D | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| Absolute state | lēti | lētāla | ʔisteleḱi | ʔistelahaḱi | yāḱi | ŋiyāḱi | -in | -ijē |
| Construct state | lēta- | lētā- | ʔisteleḱa- | ʔistelahaḱa- | yāḱe- | ŋiyāḱe- | - | - |
Verbs
| Binyan | Intransitive (or passive) | Transitive (or active) | Applicative | Transgressive | Verbal noun |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | *1i2a3 | *-(e)12a3 | *-i1in2a3 | *1a2ō3 | *1a2ī3, *1e2ī3 |
| 2 | *qa12ū3 | *-u12i3 | *-u1yn2i3 | *qa12ō3 | *qa12ē3 |
| 3 | *qa1a2u3 | *-a12i3 | *-a1in2i3 | *qa1a2ō3 | *qa12a3e |
| 4 | *ŋa12u3 | *-ud1u2i3 | *-uŋ1in2i3 | *ŋa12ō3 | *ta12ū3e |
| 5 | *qi1:a2u3 | *-u1:i2i3 | *-u1:in2i3 | *qi1:a2ō3 | *qu1:a2ē3 |
| 6 | *1a22u3 | *-u1a22i3 | *-u12in2i3 | *qy1a22ō3 | *te1a22ē3 |
| 7 | *qi21a2u3 | *-i21a2i3 | *-i21yn2u3 | *qi21a2ō3 | *qu21a23e |
| 8 | *1as2u3 | *-u1as2i3 | *-u1isin2o3 | *1as2ō3 | *tu1as2ē3 |
| 9 | *1i2a3u3 | *-i12a3i3 | *-i1in2i3u3 | *1a2a3ō3 | *tu12a3ē3 |
| 10 | *1a2a2u3 | *-a12a2i3 | *-i1in2a2u3 | *1a2a2ō3 | *ti12a2ē3 |
| 11 | *1i31a2u3 | *-i1i31a2i3 | *-i1i31in2u3 | *1i31a2ō3 | *1i31a2ē3 |
Syntax
Proto-Idavic was rigidly head-initial with a morphosyntax similar to Lushootseed or Austronesian. Most present-day Idavic languages (except Netagin) are less head-initial.