Idavic languages: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
 
(439 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
In the [[Verse:AETHER|AETHER]] timeline, the '''Shalaic languages ''' are a family of in-universe conlangs. The family is intended to blend IE and Semitic phonaesthetics seamlessly.
:[[Idavic languages/Lexicon]]
:[[Idavic languages/Swadesh]]
{{Infobox language family
| setting    = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
| region      = Etalocin, eastern Txapoalli, Bjeheond
| name        = Idavic
| familycolor = dodellic
| family      = One of [[Tricin]]'s primary language families
| protoname  = Proto-Idavic (PId)
}}
 
'''Idavic''' (from reconstructed Proto-Idavic ''*ʔidawi'' 'person') is a Trician language family which includes Dodellic.
The urheimat is central-western Etalocin. Proto-Idavic is inspired by Proto-Hebrew and Proto-Balto-Slavic.
 
Proto-Idavic grammar was very similar to that of Classical [[Netagin]]. Modern Idavic languages native to Etalocin have various typologies depending on the sprachbund.


==Family tree==
==Family tree==
*Shalaic
*Idavic
**[[Shalaian]] (Arabo-Salisho-RP)
** A language with Uralic grammar
**[[Netagin]] (Hebraeo-Welsh)
**Netagic (the only tricons branch)
***[[Netagin]] (Optimized for piyyutim)
** Hmoob-like language
** [[Whitmer]]
** [[Pategian]]


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
*Consonants: b d dł j g gʷ t tł č k kʷ q s z ł š h ʔ m n l r w y ʕ
=== Consonants ===
*Vowels: a i u ā ī ū (ə allophonic)
Proto-Idavic had about 28 consonants and had a distinction between front and back coronals and front and back velars.
*Pitch accent: modal ('''á'''), creaky ('''ã''')
** Creaky voice is the source of glottal reinforcement in Shalaian and vowel shifts in Netagin.
===Shalaian diachronics===
*b > v; ɓ > b; g > y, kh, or CL; j > ʒ; ng > ng3 > n3
*Grimm's law: p t č kʷ q > f θ ʃ x H
*q G q' > H ayin q
*further shifts: kʷ' > kʷ > xʷ
*Vowel shifts: ā > /ɛɪ/ (except before pharyngeals); ō > /əʊ/, u > /ɒ/, iw > /ju:/
*final -ā -ī shorten to -a -i
*Loss of initial glottal stop, then loss of non-prevocalic /r/
*Historical long vowels (also /ɑː/ from historical /ar/) shorten before /ʕ/


===Phonotactics===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px; "
====Allowed root clusters====
! colspan="2" |
Allowed clusters with no glottal stop:
! |Labial
*mC: mn ml mr my m3 mb md mj mg mb' mt' mč' mk' mkw' mq' mp mt ms mč mk mkw mq mh
! |Front coronal
*nC: nm nr n3 ny nw nd nj ng nt' nč' nk' nkw' nq' nt ns nč nk nkw nq nh
! |Back coronal
*lC: lm ln l3 ly lw lb ld lj lg lb' lt' lč' lk' lkw' lq' lp lt ls lč lk lkw lq lh
! |Front velar
*rC: rm rn r3 ry rw rb rd rj rg rb' rt' rč' rk' rkw' rq' rp rt rs rč rk rkw rq rh
! |Labiovelar
*3C: 3m 3n 3l 3r 3y (never initial) 3w 3b 3d 3j 3g 3b' 3t' 3k' 3p 3t 3s 3č 3k 3kw 3q
! |Back velar
*Cm: nm lm rm 3m dm jm gm t'm č'm k'm kw'm q'm tm sm čm km kwm qm hm
! |Glottal
*Cn: mn ln 3n bn dn jn gn b'n t'n č'n k'n kw'n q'n pn tn sn čn kn kwn qn hn
|-
*Cl: ml nl 3l rl bl dl jl b'l t'l č'l k'l kw'l q'l fl tl sl čl kl kwl ql hl
! colspan="2" |Nasal
*Cr: mr nr għr vr br dr jr t'r č'r k'r kw'r q'r pr tr sr čr kr kwr qr hr
| |'''m''' /m/
*Cy: my ny ly ry 3y (never initial) by b'y dy t'y č'y k'y q'y py ty sy ky qy hy
|colspan=2|'''n''' /n̪~n̠/
*Cw: nw 3w dw jw t'w č'w q'w tw sw čw qw
|colspan=3|'''ŋ''' /ɲ~ŋ/
*C3: m3 n3 l3 r3 b3 d3 j3 b'3 t'3 č'3 k'3 kw'3 q'3 p3 t3 s3 č3 k3 kw3 q3
| |
*XX: bd bj bg bt' bč' bk' bs bkw' bq' pt pč pk pq db dg tb' t'k' t'q' tp tk tq jb jd jg čb' č't' č'k' čp čt čs čq gb gd gj kb' k't' k's k'č' kp kt kč ks kwb' kw't' kw's kw'č' kwp kwt kws kwč qb' q't' q'č' qp qt qs qč sb sd sg sb' st' sč' sk' sq' sp st sč sk sq
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! <small>voiceless</small>
|'''p''' /p/
|'''t''' /t̪/
|'''ť''' /t&#800;/
|'''ḱ''' /k&#799;/
|'''k{{lab}}''' /k{{lab}}/
|'''k''' /k&#800;/
|'''ʔ''' /ʔ/
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
|'''b''' /b/
|'''d''' /d̪/
|'''ď''' /d&#800;/
|'''ǵ''' /g&#799;/
|'''g{{lab}}''' /g{{lab}}/
|'''g''' /g&#800;/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|
|'''s''' /s&#799;/
|'''š''' /s̠/
|'''x́''' /x&#799;/
|'''x{{lab}}''' /x{{lab}}/
|'''x''' /x&#800;/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Affricate
|
|'''c''' /t&#810;s&#799;/
|'''č''' /t&#800;s̠/
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Resonant
| '''w''' /w/
| '''l''' /l&#810;/
| '''r''' /r/, '''ľ''' /ɺ/
| '''y''' /j/
|
|
|
|}
'''s c''' were lamino-dental, and '''š č''' were retracted apico-alveolar.


==Morphology==
=== Vowels ===
Combine Old Irish, Semitic and PIE morphologies
Proto-Idavic had a vowel system similar to that of Proto-Balto-Slavic.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Proto-Netagin vowels
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>short</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>long</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>short</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /ɪ/
| '''ī''' /i:/
| '''u''' /ʊ/
| '''ū''' /u:/
|-
! style="" |Open
| '''e''' /æ/
| '''ē''' /æ:/
| '''a''' /ɑ/
| '''ā''' /ɑ:/
|}
Diphthongs: ay aw ey ew /ɑj ɑw ɛj ɛw/


Tone changes were part of the morphology of Proto-Shalaic, as in Modern Shalaian.
===Suprasegmentals ===


The three genders, the strong and weak declensions and the two sets of possessive markers are all Proto-Shalaic features. Verbs were not inflected for tense or person, and were syntactically verbal nouns; it is thought that verbs developed personal marking later from possessed (even doubly-possessed) verbal noun forms.
==Morphology==
===Root structure===
Triconsonantal but only Netagin preserves this
Shalaic roots were consonantal roots as in Semitic languages: most roots were biconsonantals C-C ~ -CC or triconsonantals alternating between CVC(ə)C (also called the ''segolate form'') and C(ə)CVC (also called the ''antisegolate form'') by Schwebeablaut.
 
2-letter roots:
*√t-q 'to say' (a source of Shal. ''thaaH'')
*√ʕ-d 'to shine, to show' (source of Shal. ''għeed'' 'bright'; ''għádmer'' 'happiness' comes from a root extension √ʕ-dm)
*√ʕ-n 'high, raised'
 
3-letter roots:
*√qdVb~qVdb 'true'
 
Schwebeablaut alternations work as follows:
*The default state is the CVCC form: ''qidb'' 'to be true'; ''qidbt'' 'loyalty'
*With closed syllable in the prefix: ''hin·qídb'' 'to verify' → ''li·hinqadb'' 'I verify'
*With open syllable in the prefix: ''ri·qádb'' 'to stay true' → ''li·ríqdab'' 'I stay true'
 
===Ablaut===
There were 8 ablaut grades:
*zero-grade (CC)
*a-grade (CaC ~ CCa or CaCC ~ CCaC)
*i-grade (CiC ~ CCi or CiCC ~ CCiC)
*u-grade (CuC ~ CCu or CuCC ~ CCuC)
*lengthened grades: ā, ī, ū-grades (intensive? transitive? plural? nominalization? pair up with short grades?)
*creaky voice: causative?
 
Many prefixes and suffixes require certain ablaut grades.
 
====Examples====
√ʕ-d 'to shine'
*Intransitive verbs: ''-ʕad- ~ -ʕid- ~ -ʕd-'' = to shine
*Adjectives: ''ʕīd'' = bright
*Noun:
**''ʕād'' = light
**''ʕā̃d'' = Sun, star? (singulativized collective)
**creaky voice marked singulatives: ''ʕãd'' = ray
*Action or state noun: ''ʕud-ar'' = (state of) shining, brightness
*Deverbal nouns:
*Derived stems:
**''wa·ʕā́d'' = to polish
**''ʕãd-ī́r'' = to illuminate, to show (source of Shal. ''għa'téer'' 'to prove')
**''ʕád-m-ar'' = (root extension) happiness, joy
**''ʕíd-n-ar'' = (root extension) beauty, radiance
 
===Nouns===
Proto-Shalaic had 3 genders: inanimate (i), animate (a), and abstract (h). The abstract gender evolved to serve honorific functions in Shalaian, hence the abbreviation "h".
 
Proto-Shalaic nouns were marked for singular and dual and plural numbers.
====Weak and strong nouns====
Shalaic nouns could have plurals marked with -ōk, -ā, -ī, ablaut and/or reduplication. Nouns pluralized with a suffix are ''weak nouns'' and nouns pluralized with stem changes are ''strong nouns''. There were broken plurals marked by lengthening the stem vowel; these often developed into singular nouns in Shalaian.
 
Nouns were usually weak and take plurals marked with suffixes: 'star' is declined as ''ʕā́d'', ''li-ʕā́d'', ''ti-ʕā́d'', ..., with plural ''ʕādā''.
 
Inalienably possessed nouns were always pluralized with stem changes, like Arabic broken plurals: ʔəmmā́ "mother", ʔəmā́m "mothers".
 
===Adjectives===
===Verbs===
====Paradigms====
====Finite verbs====
Do the Old Irishy prefix thing but w/ personal prefixes?
 
*''ʕáb'' 'see! look (at it)!'
*la·ʕáb-Ø → ''la·ʕáb '' 'I see it'
*la·ri-ʕáb > ''la·ráʕb '' 'I am seen'
*ja·la-ʕab → ''ja·láʕb '' 'I see you folks'


====The verb forms====
Intransitive and transitive forms turn into agent-oriented vs patient oriented in Netagin; most other Idavic languages retain only one of the intransitive and transitive forms.
*The finite forms including the imperative
*The first infinitive: origin of Shalaian finite verbs; some conflation with imperative
*The second infinitive (more of a lexical deverbal noun): origin of the Shalaian infinitive


==Derivation==
Proto-Idavic had only one true preposition, ''*mi''. Other meanings expressed with prepositions in English were indicated with verbs.
Proto-Shalaic had an extensive array of derivational affixes.
=== Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
!| ||  1sg || 2sg ||  3sg  ||  1pl || 2pl || 3pl
|-
! Independent
| ''*wēlu'' || ''*wēbu'' || ''-'' || ''*wēći'' || ''*wēnīʔi'' || ''-''
|-
! Emphatic
| ''*hanlī'' || ''*hanbā'' || (demonstratives) || ''*hanćā''  || ''*hannīʔi'' || (demonstratives)
|-
! Alienable
| ''*le-'' || ''*be-'' || ''*ʔin-'' || ''*će-'' || ''*neś-'' || ''*ʔeś-''
|-
! Inalienable
| ''*-alu'' || ''*-abu'' || ''*-ī'' || ''*-ćā'' || ''*-nīʔi'' || ''*-iś''
|-
|}


Root extensions: suffixes
=== Nouns ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| decl. A
! colspan=2| decl. B
! colspan=2| decl. D
|-
!
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Absolute state'''
|''lēti'' ||''lētāla''
|''{{aleph}}istel'''eḱi''''' ||''{{aleph}}istel'''ahaḱi'''''
||''-īni''||''-ijē''
|-
|align="right"|'''Construct state'''
|''lēta-'' ||''lētā-''
|''{{aleph}}istel'''eḱa-''''' ||''{{aleph}}istel'''ahaḱa-'''''
||''-''||''-''
|}


frequentative, intensive, applicative, etc.?
=== Verbs ===
Stem markers mainly marked aktionsart:
* ʔ- dynamic
** infix allomorphs: (Vcreaky)1 telic, 1V(creaky)l2V3 iterative
* ŋ- causative
* s-infix: to do in advance
* various reduplications for "a little", gradual, frequentative or "too much"


*Creaky voice marked intensive or transitive verbs like the Semitic geminate binyan
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
*''-ay'' (h): deverbal noun
|-
*With prefixed verbs, the stress shift derives verbal nouns: *ri·kʷā́n 'to rest' → ·ríkʷan 'rest'. This is the source of some infinitives being marked with stress shifts in [[Shalaian]] (''riwháin, ríwhain'' 'sleep').
! Stem !! Intransitive !! Transitive !! Applicative !! Transgressive !! Verbal noun
*''-gʷid'' (i): augmentative
|-
*''-t'' (i): verbal noun, resultative
! a-stem
*''-ōk'' (i): collective
| ''*1i2a3'' || ''*-(e)12a3'' || ''*-1in2a3'' || ''*1a2ā3'' || ''*1a2ī3i'', ''*1e2ī3i''
|-
! e-stem
| ''*1a2e3'' || ''*-12e3'' || ''*-1in2e3'' || ''*ʔa1e2ā3'' || ''*12e3eḱi''
|-
! ʔ-prefix stem
| ''*ʔa12e3'' || ''*-ʔa12u3'' || ''*-ʔi1en2i3'' || ''*ʔa12ā3'' || ''*ʔa12ē3i''
|-
! {{ng}}-prefix stem
| ''*{{ng}}a12e3'' || ''*-ŋ1a2u3'' || ''*-{{ng}}1in2i3'' || ''*{{ng}}a12ā3'' || ''*12ū3eḱi''
|-
! š-infix stem
| ''*1aš2e3'' || ''*-1aš2u3'' || ''*-1išin2o3'' || ''*1aš2ā3'' || ''*1aš2ē3i''
|-
! ʔ-infix stem
| ''*1aʔ2e3'' || ''*-1aʔ2u3'' || ''*-1iʔin2i3'' || ''*1aʔ2ā3'' || ''*te1aʔ2e3i''
|-
! 2-redup
| ''*21a2e3'' || ''*-2a12u3'' || ''*-21in2u3'' || ''*21a2ā3'' || ''*21a23eḱi''
|-
! 3-redup
| ''*1i2a3e3'' || ''*-1a23u3'' || ''*-1in2i3u3'' || ''*1a2a3ā3'' || ''*12a3ē3i''
|-
! 13-redup
| ''*1i31a2e3'' || ''*-1i3a12u3'' || ''*-1i31in2u3'' || ''*1i31a2ā3'' || ''*1i31a2ē3''
|}


==Lexicon==
===Derivation===
===ʔ===
* Noun patterns: ''1a23, 1i23, 1u23, 1a22ū3, 1a2a3, 1a2i2, 1a2u3, ŋa12ū3, 1ā2a3, 1ī2a3, 1ī2ī3, 1ī2ū3''
*''ʔappā́'' 'father', pl. ''ʔapā́pā''
* ''1aʔ2ū3'' = adjective relating to personal qualities
*''ʔəmmā́'' 'mother', pl. ''ʔəmā́mā''
*''ʔe12ā3'' = agent noun
*''1iʔ2i3'' = resultatives
*''1aʔ2e3'' = tendency/quality of X
*''1iʔ2a3'' = degree/measure
*''-ām'' = augmentative (source of -om in Naeng and Eevo)
*''-ān'' = abstract noun, collective
*''1a2ī3'' = quality adjective
*''1u2a3'' = resultative adjective
*''1e2ā3'' = event
*''śi12ū3'' = event
*''tawa12a3''
*''śi12a3/śi12i3'' = instrument
*''wa12ē3/wa12ī3'' = profession
*''ti12a3/ti12e3'' = process
*''wa12ū3'' = patient noun
*''wa12ā3'' = resultative noun


===g===
==Syntax==
*√gb 'to hit'
Proto-Idavic was rigidly head-initial with a morphosyntax similar to Lushootseed or Austronesian. Most present-day Idavic languages (except Netagin) are less head-initial.
**Shalaian ''kṓvid'' 'calamity' ← *gṓb-gʷid
===ʕ===
*√ʕd 'to shine'
**''-ʕad- ~ -ʕid- ~ -ʕd-'' = to shine
**''ʕīd'' = bright
**''ʕād'' = Sun, star
**''ʕud'' = (state of) shining, brightness
**''ʕōd'' = light
**Derived stems:
***''wa·ʕā́d'' = to polish
***''ʕãd-īr'' = to illuminate, to show (source of Shal. ''la'téer'' 'to prove')
***ʕid-nar'' = (root extension) beauty, radiance
***√ʕdm 'happiness, joy'
*√ʕn 'to be high'
**√ʕnm 'to raise'
**Shal. ''lánam'' 'to raise, to exalt'
**√ʕnb 'to raise'
**Shal. ''lánav'' 'to dedicate, to devote'
*√ʕr 'to be in, at'
===q===
*√qbd 'true, to believe'


===t===
[[Category:Language families]]
*√tq 'to say'

Latest revision as of 20:21, 3 November 2022

Idavic languages/Lexicon
Idavic languages/Swadesh
Idavic
Created by–
Geographic
distribution		Etalocin, eastern Txapoalli, Bjeheond
Linguistic classificationOne of Tricin's primary language families
Proto-languageProto-Idavic (PId)

Idavic (from reconstructed Proto-Idavic *ʔidawi 'person') is a Trician language family which includes Dodellic. The urheimat is central-western Etalocin. Proto-Idavic is inspired by Proto-Hebrew and Proto-Balto-Slavic.

Proto-Idavic grammar was very similar to that of Classical Netagin. Modern Idavic languages native to Etalocin have various typologies depending on the sprachbund.

Family tree

  • Idavic
    • A language with Uralic grammar
    • Netagic (the only tricons branch)
    • Hmoob-like language
    • Whitmer
    • Pategian

Phonology

Consonants

Proto-Idavic had about 28 consonants and had a distinction between front and back coronals and front and back velars.

Labial Front coronal Back coronal Front velar Labiovelar Back velar Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n̪~n̠/ ŋ /ɲ~ŋ/
Plosive voiceless p /p/ t /t̪/ ť /t̠/ ḱ /k̟/ kʷ /kʷ/ k /k̠/ ʔ /ʔ/
voiced b /b/ d /d̪/ ď /d̠/ ǵ /g̟/ gʷ /gʷ/ g /g̠/
Fricative s /s̟/ š /s̠/ x́ /x̟/ xʷ /xʷ/ x /x̠/
Affricate c /t̪s̟/ č /t̠s̠/
Resonant w /w/ l /l̪/ r /r/, ľ /ɺ/ y /j/

s c were lamino-dental, and š č were retracted apico-alveolar.

Vowels

Proto-Idavic had a vowel system similar to that of Proto-Balto-Slavic.

Proto-Netagin vowels
Front Back
short long short long
Close i /ɪ/ ī /i:/ u /ʊ/ ū /u:/
Open e /æ/ ē /æ:/ a /ɑ/ ā /ɑ:/

Diphthongs: ay aw ey ew /ɑj ɑw ɛj ɛw/

Suprasegmentals

Morphology

Triconsonantal but only Netagin preserves this

Intransitive and transitive forms turn into agent-oriented vs patient oriented in Netagin; most other Idavic languages retain only one of the intransitive and transitive forms.

Proto-Idavic had only one true preposition, *mi. Other meanings expressed with prepositions in English were indicated with verbs.

Pronouns

1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
Independent *wēlu *wēbu - *wēći *wēnīʔi -
Emphatic *hanlī *hanbā (demonstratives) *hanćā *hannīʔi (demonstratives)
Alienable *le- *be- *ʔin- *će- *neś- *ʔeś-
Inalienable *-alu *-abu *-ī *-ćā *-nīʔi *-iś

Nouns

decl. A decl. B decl. D
singular plural singular plural singular plural
Absolute state lēti lētāla ʔisteleḱi ʔistelahaḱi -īni -ijē
Construct state lēta- lētā- ʔisteleḱa- ʔistelahaḱa- - -

Verbs

Stem markers mainly marked aktionsart:

  • ʔ- dynamic
    • infix allomorphs: (Vcreaky)1 telic, 1V(creaky)l2V3 iterative
  • ŋ- causative
  • s-infix: to do in advance
  • various reduplications for "a little", gradual, frequentative or "too much"
Stem Intransitive Transitive Applicative Transgressive Verbal noun
a-stem *1i2a3 *-(e)12a3 *-1in2a3 *1a2ā3 *1a2ī3i, *1e2ī3i
e-stem *1a2e3 *-12e3 *-1in2e3 *ʔa1e2ā3 *12e3eḱi
ʔ-prefix stem *ʔa12e3 *-ʔa12u3 *-ʔi1en2i3 *ʔa12ā3 *ʔa12ē3i
ŋ-prefix stem *ŋa12e3 *-ŋ1a2u3 *-ŋ1in2i3 *ŋa12ā3 *12ū3eḱi
š-infix stem *1aš2e3 *-1aš2u3 *-1išin2o3 *1aš2ā3 *1aš2ē3i
ʔ-infix stem *1aʔ2e3 *-1aʔ2u3 *-1iʔin2i3 *1aʔ2ā3 *te1aʔ2e3i
2-redup *21a2e3 *-2a12u3 *-21in2u3 *21a2ā3 *21a23eḱi
3-redup *1i2a3e3 *-1a23u3 *-1in2i3u3 *1a2a3ā3 *12a3ē3i
13-redup *1i31a2e3 *-1i3a12u3 *-1i31in2u3 *1i31a2ā3 *1i31a2ē3

Derivation

  • Noun patterns: 1a23, 1i23, 1u23, 1a22ū3, 1a2a3, 1a2i2, 1a2u3, ŋa12ū3, 1ā2a3, 1ī2a3, 1ī2ī3, 1ī2ū3
  • 1aʔ2ū3 = adjective relating to personal qualities
  • ʔe12ā3 = agent noun
  • 1iʔ2i3 = resultatives
  • 1aʔ2e3 = tendency/quality of X
  • 1iʔ2a3 = degree/measure
  • -ām = augmentative (source of -om in Naeng and Eevo)
  • -ān = abstract noun, collective
  • 1a2ī3 = quality adjective
  • 1u2a3 = resultative adjective
  • 1e2ā3 = event
  • śi12ū3 = event
  • tawa12a3
  • śi12a3/śi12i3 = instrument
  • wa12ē3/wa12ī3 = profession
  • ti12a3/ti12e3 = process
  • wa12ū3 = patient noun
  • wa12ā3 = resultative noun

Syntax

Proto-Idavic was rigidly head-initial with a morphosyntax similar to Lushootseed or Austronesian. Most present-day Idavic languages (except Netagin) are less head-initial.

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Idavic_languages&oldid=291194"