Idavic languages: Difference between revisions

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In the [[Verse:AETHER|AETHER]] timeline, the '''Idavic languages ''' are a family of in-universe conlangs. The family is intended to blend IE, Uralic, Salish, and Semitic phonaesthetics seamlessly.
:[[Idavic languages/Lexicon]]
:[[Idavic languages/Swadesh]]
{{Infobox language family
| setting    = [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]]
| region      = Etalocin, eastern Txapoalli, Bjeheond
| name        = Idavic
| familycolor = dodellic
| family      = One of [[Tricin]]'s primary language families
| protoname  = Proto-Idavic (PId)
}}
 
'''Idavic''' (from reconstructed Proto-Idavic ''*ʔidawi'' 'person') is a Trician language family which includes Dodellic.
The urheimat is central-western Etalocin. Proto-Idavic is inspired by Proto-Hebrew and Proto-Balto-Slavic.
 
Proto-Idavic grammar was very similar to that of Classical [[Netagin]]. Modern Idavic languages native to Etalocin have various typologies depending on the sprachbund.


==Family tree==
==Family tree==
*Idavic
*Idavic
**[[Shalaic]]
** A language with Uralic grammar
***[[Shalaian]] (Arabo-Salisho-RP)
**Netagic (the only tricons branch)
**[[Netagic]]
***[[Netagin]] (Optimized for piyyutim)
***Pseudo-Finnish
** Hmoob-like language
***[[Netagin]] (Sami + German)
** [[Whitmer]]
** [[Pategian]]


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
*Consonants: b d dł j g gʷ p t tł č k kʷ q s ł š h ʔ m n l r w y ʕ
=== Consonants ===
*Vowels: a i u ā ī ū (ə allophonic)
Proto-Idavic had about 28 consonants and had a distinction between front and back coronals and front and back velars.
*Pitch accent: modal ('''á'''), creaky ('''ã''')
** Creaky voice is the source of glottal reinforcement in Shalaian and vowel shifts in Netagin.
===Shalaian diachronics===
*b > v; ɓ > b; g > y, kh, or CL; j > ʒ; ng > ng3 > n3
*Grimm's law: p t č kʷ q > f θ ʃ x H
*q G q' > H ayin q
*further shifts: kʷ' > kʷ > xʷ
*Vowel shifts: ā > ō > /əʊ/, u > /ɒ/, iw > /ju:/
*final -ā -ī shorten to -a -i
*Loss of initial glottal stop, then loss of non-prevocalic /r/
*Historical long vowels (also /ɑː/ from historical /ar/) shorten before /ʕ/
 
===Phonotactics===
====Allowed root clusters====
Allowed clusters with no glottal stop:
*mC: mn ml mr my m3 mb md mj mg mp mt mtł ms mł mč mk mkw mq mh
*nC: nm nr n3 ny nw nd ndł nj ng nt ntł ns nš nč nk nkw nq nh
*lC: lm ln l3 ly lw lb ld lj lg lp lt ls lč lk lkw lq lh
*rC: rm rn r3 ry rw rb rd rdł rj rg rp rt rł rtł rs rč rk rkw rq rh
*3C: 3m 3n 3l 3r 3y (never initial) 3w 3b 3d 3dł 3j 3g 3p 3t 3s 3ł 3tł 3č 3k 3kw 3q
*Cm: nm lm rm 3m dm jm gm tm sm šm čm łm tłm km kwm qm hm
*Cn: mn ln 3n bn dn jn gn pn tn sn šn čn łn tłn kn kwn qn hn
*Cl: ml nl 3l rl bl dl jl fl tl sl šl čl kl kwl ql hl
*Cr: mr nr għr vr br dr jr pr tr sr šr čr kr kwr qr hr
*Cy: my ny ly ry 3y (never initial) by py dy ty sy šy ły dły tły gy ky qy hy
*Cw: nw 3w dw dłw jw tw tłw sw łw čw qw
*C3: m3 n3 l3 r3 b3 d3 j3 p3 t3 tł3 ł3 s3 š3 č3 k3 kw3 q3
*XX: any cluster of 2 obstruents are allowed, as long as they agree in voicing and are not both dorsal (k, g, kw, gw, q); in addition, s + voiced stop and š + voiced stop


==Morphology==
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="width: 500px; "
Combine German, Semitic and PIE morphologies
! colspan="2" |
! |Labial
! |Front coronal
! |Back coronal
! |Front velar
! |Labiovelar
! |Back velar
! |Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
| |'''m''' /m/
|colspan=2|'''n''' /n̪~n̠/
|colspan=3|'''ŋ''' /ɲ~ŋ/
| |
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! <small>voiceless</small>
|'''p''' /p/
|'''t''' /t̪/
|'''ť''' /t&#800;/
|'''ḱ''' /k&#799;/
|'''k{{lab}}''' /k{{lab}}/
|'''k''' /k&#800;/
|'''ʔ''' /ʔ/
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
|'''b''' /b/
|'''d''' /d̪/
|'''ď''' /d&#800;/
|'''ǵ''' /g&#799;/
|'''g{{lab}}''' /g{{lab}}/
|'''g''' /g&#800;/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Fricative
|
|'''s''' /s&#799;/
|'''š''' /s̠/
|'''x́''' /x&#799;/
|'''x{{lab}}''' /x{{lab}}/
|'''x''' /x&#800;/
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Affricate
|
|'''c''' /t&#810;s&#799;/
|'''č''' /t&#800;s̠/
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Resonant
| '''w''' /w/
| '''l''' /l&#810;/
| '''r''' /r/, '''ľ''' /ɺ/
| '''y''' /j/
|
|
|
|}
'''s c''' were lamino-dental, and '''š č''' were retracted apico-alveolar.


Tone changes were part of the morphology of Proto-Idavic. Shalaic retained Proto-Idavic accent, while Netagic lost it with a shift to stem-initial stress and a vowel split conditioned by creaky voice.
=== Vowels ===
Proto-Idavic had a vowel system similar to that of Proto-Balto-Slavic.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Proto-Netagin vowels
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Front
! colspan="2" |Back
|-
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>short</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>long</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>short</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /ɪ/
| '''ī''' /i:/
| '''u''' /ʊ/
| '''ū''' /u:/
|-
! style="" |Open
| '''e''' /æ/
| '''ē''' /æ:/
| '''a''' /ɑ/
| '''ā''' /ɑ:/
|}
Diphthongs: ay aw ey ew /ɑj ɑw ɛj ɛw/


The three genders, the three numbers and the possessive suffixes are Proto-Idavic features. Shalaian added a new alienable-inalienable possession distinction by creating alienable possessive prefixes from genitive pronouns.
===Suprasegmentals ===
===Pronouns===
*independent: lī, dā, xʷā, nī
*emphatic: *swi-lu, *swi-da, *swi-xʷa, *swi-níji
*absolutive/suffix: *-la, *-du, *-xʷa, *-níji


===Root structure===
==Morphology==
Idavic roots were consonantal roots similar to PIE and Semitic languages: most roots were biconsonantals C-C or triconsonantals alternating between CVC(ə)C (also called the ''segolate form'') and C(ə)CVC (also called the ''antisegolate form'') by Schwebeablaut.
Triconsonantal but only Netagin preserves this


2-letter roots:
Intransitive and transitive forms turn into agent-oriented vs patient oriented in Netagin; most other Idavic languages retain only one of the intransitive and transitive forms.
*√t-q 'to say' (a source of Shal. ''thaaH'')
*√ʕ-d 'to shine, to show' (source of Shal. ''għeed'' 'bright'; ''għádmer'' 'happiness' comes from a root extension √ʕ-dm)
*√ʕ-n 'high, raised'


3-letter roots:
Proto-Idavic had only one true preposition, ''*mi''. Other meanings expressed with prepositions in English were indicated with verbs.
*√qdVb~qVdb 'true'
=== Pronouns ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
!| ||  1sg || 2sg ||  3sg  ||  1pl || 2pl || 3pl
|-
! Independent
| ''*wēlu'' || ''*wēbu'' || ''-'' || ''*wēći'' || ''*wēnīʔi'' || ''-''
|-
! Emphatic
| ''*hanlī'' || ''*hanbā'' || (demonstratives) || ''*hanćā''  || ''*hannīʔi'' || (demonstratives)
|-
! Alienable
| ''*le-'' || ''*be-'' || ''*ʔin-'' || ''*će-'' || ''*neś-'' || ''*ʔeś-''
|-
! Inalienable
| ''*-alu'' || ''*-abu'' || ''*-ī'' || ''*-ćā'' || ''*-nīʔi'' || ''*-iś''  
|-
|}


Schwebeablaut alternations work as follows:
=== Nouns ===
*The default state is the CVCC form: ''qidb'' 'to be true'; ''qidbti'' 'loyalty'
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
*With closed syllable in the prefix the segolate form is used: ''hin·qídb'' 'to verify' → ''li·hinqadb'' 'I verify'
|-
*With open syllable in the prefix the antisegolate form is used: ''ri·qádb'' 'to stay true' → ''li·ríqdab'' 'I stay true'
!
! colspan=2| decl. A
! colspan=2| decl. B
! colspan=2| decl. D
|-
!
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
|-
|align="right"|'''Absolute state'''
|''lēti'' ||''lētāla''
|''{{aleph}}istel'''eḱi''''' ||''{{aleph}}istel'''ahaḱi'''''
||''-īni''||''-ijē''
|-
|align="right"|'''Construct state'''
|''lēta-'' ||''lētā-''
|''{{aleph}}istel'''eḱa-''''' ||''{{aleph}}istel'''ahaḱa-'''''
||''-''||''-''
|}


===Ablaut===
=== Verbs ===
There were 8 ablaut grades:
Stem markers mainly marked aktionsart:
*zero-grade (CC)
* ʔ- dynamic
*a-grade (CaC ~ CCa or CaCC ~ CCaC)
** infix allomorphs: (Vcreaky)1 telic, 1V(creaky)l2V3 iterative
*i-grade (CiC ~ CCi or CiCC ~ CCiC)
* ŋ- causative
*u-grade (CuC ~ CCu or CuCC ~ CCuC)
* s-infix: to do in advance
*lengthened grades: ā, ī, ū-grades (intensive? transitive? plural? nominalization? pair up with short grades?)
* various reduplications for "a little", gradual, frequentative or "too much"
*creaky voice: causative?


Many prefixes and suffixes require certain ablaut grades.
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
! Stem !! Intransitive !! Transitive !! Applicative !! Transgressive !! Verbal noun
|-
! a-stem
| ''*1i2a3'' || ''*-(e)12a3'' || ''*-1in2a3'' || ''*1a2ā3'' || ''*1a2ī3i'', ''*1e2ī3i''
|-
! e-stem
| ''*1a2e3'' || ''*-12e3'' || ''*-1in2e3'' || ''*ʔa1e2ā3'' || ''*12e3eḱi''
|-
! ʔ-prefix stem
| ''*ʔa12e3'' || ''*-ʔa12u3'' || ''*-ʔi1en2i3'' || ''*ʔa12ā3'' || ''*ʔa12ē3i''
|-
! {{ng}}-prefix stem
| ''*{{ng}}a12e3'' || ''*-ŋ1a2u3'' || ''*-{{ng}}1in2i3'' || ''*{{ng}}a12ā3'' || ''*12ū3eḱi''
|-
! š-infix stem
| ''*1aš2e3'' || ''*-1aš2u3'' || ''*-1išin2o3'' || ''*1aš2ā3'' || ''*1aš2ē3i''
|-
! ʔ-infix stem
| ''*1aʔ2e3'' || ''*-1aʔ2u3'' || ''*-1iʔin2i3'' || ''*1aʔ2ā3'' || ''*te1aʔ2e3i''
|-
! 2-redup
| ''*21a2e3'' || ''*-2a12u3'' || ''*-21in2u3'' || ''*21a2ā3'' || ''*21a23eḱi''
|-
! 3-redup
| ''*1i2a3e3'' || ''*-1a23u3'' || ''*-1in2i3u3'' || ''*1a2a3ā3'' || ''*12a3ē3i''
|-
! 13-redup
| ''*1i31a2e3'' || ''*-1i3a12u3'' || ''*-1i31in2u3'' || ''*1i31a2ā3'' || ''*1i31a2ē3''
|}


====Examples====
===Derivation===
√ʕ-d 'to shine'
* Noun patterns: ''1a23, 1i23, 1u23, 1a22ū3, 1a2a3, 1a2i2, 1a2u3, ŋa12ū3, 1ā2a3, 1ī2a3, 1ī2ī3, 1ī2ū3''
*Intransitive verbs: ''-ʕad- ~ -ʕid- ~ -ʕd-'' = to shine
* ''1aʔ2ū3'' = adjective relating to personal qualities
*Adjectives: ''ʕīd'' = bright
*''ʔe12ā3'' = agent noun
*Noun:
*''1iʔ2i3'' = resultatives
**''ʕād'' = light
*''1aʔ2e3'' = tendency/quality of X
**''ʕā̃d'' = Sun, star? (singulativized collective)
*''1iʔ2a3'' = degree/measure
**creaky voice marked singulatives: ''ʕãd'' = ray
*''-ām'' = augmentative (source of -om in Naeng and Eevo)
*Action or state noun: ''ʕud-ar'' = (state of) shining, brightness
*''-ān'' = abstract noun, collective
*Deverbal nouns:
*''1a2ī3'' = quality adjective
*Derived stems:
*''1u2a3'' = resultative adjective
**''wa·ʕā́d'' = to polish
*''1e2ā3'' = event
**''ʕãd-ī́r'' = to illuminate, to show (source of Shal. ''għa'téer'' 'to prove')
*''śi12ū3'' = event
**''ʕád-m-ar'' = (root extension) happiness, joy
*''tawa12a3''
**''ʕíd-n-ar'' = (root extension) beauty, radiance
*''śi12a3/śi12i3'' = instrument
 
*''wa12ē3/wa12ī3'' = profession
===Nouns===
*''ti12a3/ti12e3'' = process
Proto-Idavic had 3 genders: inanimate (i), animate (a), and abstract (h). The abstract gender evolved to serve honorific functions in Shalaian, hence the abbreviation "h".
*''wa12ū3'' = patient noun
 
*''wa12ā3'' = resultative noun
Proto-Idavic nouns were inflected for 3 numbers (singular, dual, plural) and 4 cases (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive).
====Declension====
Nouns declined for two cases (nominative, genitive) and three numbers (singular, dual, plural).
 
Idavic nouns could have plurals marked with -ā, -ī, ablaut and/or reduplication. Nouns pluralized with a suffix are ''weak nouns'' and nouns pluralized with stem changes are ''strong nouns''. There were broken plurals marked by lengthening the stem vowel; these often developed into singular nouns in Shalaian.
 
Nouns were usually weak and take plurals marked with suffixes: 'star' is declined as ''ʕā́d'', ''li-ʕā́d'', ''ti-ʕā́d'', ..., with plural ''ʕādā''.
 
Inalienably possessed nouns were always pluralized with stem changes, like Arabic broken plurals: ʔəmmā́ "mother", ʔəmā́m "mothers".
 
===Adjectives===
As in IE and Semitic, adjectives agreed with nouns in number, gender and case.
====Class 1====
''ʕīd-'' 'bright'
animate/inanimate/abstract; singular, dual, plural
*nom: ʕīda/ʕīdi/ʕīdar, ʕīdand/ʕīdind/ʕīdarind, ʕīdān/ʕīdā/ʕīdarā
*gen: ʕīdak/ʕīdik/ʕīdarik, ???, ʕīdī/ʕīdāka/ʕīdarāka
 
===Verbs===
Verbs had the following forms:
*imperfect tense
**did double duty as imperative
*past participle
*infinitive or verbal noun
*zu-infinitive
*present participle
*zu-participle
Verbs were not inflected for person.
====Paradigms====
*Strong verbs: basic verbs, conjugated by ablaut
*Weak verbs: verbs formed with verb-forming affixes
====The verb forms====
*The finite forms including the imperative
*The first infinitive: origin of Shalaian finite verbs; some conflation with imperative
*The second infinitive (more of a lexical deverbal noun): origin of the Shalaian infinitive


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Lifted from German: V2, SAuxOV, verb final in subordinate clauses
Proto-Idavic was rigidly head-initial with a morphosyntax similar to Lushootseed or Austronesian. Most present-day Idavic languages (except Netagin) are less head-initial.
 
==Derivation==
Proto-Idavic had an extensive array of derivational affixes.
 
Root extensions: suffixes
 
*Creaky voice marked intensive or transitive verbs like the Semitic geminate binyan
*''-ay'' (h): deverbal noun
*With prefixed verbs, the stress shift derives verbal nouns: *ri·kʷā́n 'to rest' → ·ríkʷan 'rest'. This is the source of some infinitives being marked with stress shifts in [[Shalaian]] (''riwháin, ríwhain'' 'sleep').
*''-gʷid'' (i): augmentative; derives nouns
*''-t'' (i): verbal noun, resultative
*''-āk'' (i): collective
**developed to the ''-akh'' plural in Shalaian
Todo:
*agent nouns
*instrument nouns
*frequentative
*applicative
*telic
*"X a little, almost X"
*change of state
*graduative
*mis-X/over-X
 
==Lexicon==
Entries are listed in the following "Semitic abjad" order: ʔ b g gʷ d h w j dł q y k kʷ l m n s ʕ p č tł r š ł t
===ʔ===
*''ʔappā́'' 'father', pl. ''ʔapā́pā''
*''ʔəmmā́'' 'mother', pl. ''ʔəmā́mā''
===b===
===g===
*√gb 'to hit'
**Shalaian ''kȯ́vid'' 'calamity' ← *gā́b-gʷid
 
===gʷ===
===d===
*√db 'to live'
**''dāb'', pl. ''ʔidāb'' 'person'
===h===
===w===
===j===
===dł===
 
===q===
*√qdb 'true, to believe'
**''qidb-ar''
***Shal. ''ħídver'' 'truth'
**''qədāb-t''
***Shal. ''ħadóft'' 'trust'
**''qũdb-''
***Ntg. ''qoeıdb'' 'faithful, loyal'
 
===y===
===k===
*''kū̃la'' = house
**Shal. ''kul'''
**Ntg. ''c̦uall''
 
===kʷ===
===l===
===m===
===n===
===s===
===ʕ===
*√ʕd 'to shine'
**''-ʕad- ~ -ʕid- ~ -ʕd-'' = to shine
**''ʕīd'' = bright
**''ʕād'' = Sun, star
**''ʕud'' = (state of) shining, brightness
**''ʕōd'' = light
**Derived stems:
***''wa·ʕā́d'' = to polish
***''ʕãd-īr'' = to illuminate, to show (source of Shal. ''għa'týr'' 'to prove')
***''ʕid-nar'' = (root extension) beauty, radiance
***√ʕdm 'happiness, joy'
*√ʕn 'to be high'
**√ʕnm 'to raise'
***Shal. ''għánam'' 'to honor, to exalt'
**√ʕnb 'to raise'
***Shal. ''għánav'' 'to dedicate, to devote'
*√ʕr 'to be in, at'
**''ʕar''
***Shal. ''ʕar''
***Ntg. ''lo''
 
===p===
===č===


===tł===
[[Category:Language families]]
===r===
===š===
===ł===
===t===
*√tq 'to say'

Latest revision as of 20:21, 3 November 2022

Idavic languages/Lexicon
Idavic languages/Swadesh
Idavic
Created by–
Geographic
distribution		Etalocin, eastern Txapoalli, Bjeheond
Linguistic classificationOne of Tricin's primary language families
Proto-languageProto-Idavic (PId)

Idavic (from reconstructed Proto-Idavic *ʔidawi 'person') is a Trician language family which includes Dodellic. The urheimat is central-western Etalocin. Proto-Idavic is inspired by Proto-Hebrew and Proto-Balto-Slavic.

Proto-Idavic grammar was very similar to that of Classical Netagin. Modern Idavic languages native to Etalocin have various typologies depending on the sprachbund.

Family tree

  • Idavic
    • A language with Uralic grammar
    • Netagic (the only tricons branch)
    • Hmoob-like language
    • Whitmer
    • Pategian

Phonology

Consonants

Proto-Idavic had about 28 consonants and had a distinction between front and back coronals and front and back velars.

Labial Front coronal Back coronal Front velar Labiovelar Back velar Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n̪~n̠/ ŋ /ɲ~ŋ/
Plosive voiceless p /p/ t /t̪/ ť /t̠/ ḱ /k̟/ kʷ /kʷ/ k /k̠/ ʔ /ʔ/
voiced b /b/ d /d̪/ ď /d̠/ ǵ /g̟/ gʷ /gʷ/ g /g̠/
Fricative s /s̟/ š /s̠/ x́ /x̟/ xʷ /xʷ/ x /x̠/
Affricate c /t̪s̟/ č /t̠s̠/
Resonant w /w/ l /l̪/ r /r/, ľ /ɺ/ y /j/

s c were lamino-dental, and š č were retracted apico-alveolar.

Vowels

Proto-Idavic had a vowel system similar to that of Proto-Balto-Slavic.

Proto-Netagin vowels
Front Back
short long short long
Close i /ɪ/ ī /i:/ u /ʊ/ ū /u:/
Open e /æ/ ē /æ:/ a /ɑ/ ā /ɑ:/

Diphthongs: ay aw ey ew /ɑj ɑw ɛj ɛw/

Suprasegmentals

Morphology

Triconsonantal but only Netagin preserves this

Intransitive and transitive forms turn into agent-oriented vs patient oriented in Netagin; most other Idavic languages retain only one of the intransitive and transitive forms.

Proto-Idavic had only one true preposition, *mi. Other meanings expressed with prepositions in English were indicated with verbs.

Pronouns

1sg 2sg 3sg 1pl 2pl 3pl
Independent *wēlu *wēbu - *wēći *wēnīʔi -
Emphatic *hanlī *hanbā (demonstratives) *hanćā *hannīʔi (demonstratives)
Alienable *le- *be- *ʔin- *će- *neś- *ʔeś-
Inalienable *-alu *-abu *-ī *-ćā *-nīʔi *-iś

Nouns

decl. A decl. B decl. D
singular plural singular plural singular plural
Absolute state lēti lētāla ʔisteleḱi ʔistelahaḱi -īni -ijē
Construct state lēta- lētā- ʔisteleḱa- ʔistelahaḱa- - -

Verbs

Stem markers mainly marked aktionsart:

  • ʔ- dynamic
    • infix allomorphs: (Vcreaky)1 telic, 1V(creaky)l2V3 iterative
  • ŋ- causative
  • s-infix: to do in advance
  • various reduplications for "a little", gradual, frequentative or "too much"
Stem Intransitive Transitive Applicative Transgressive Verbal noun
a-stem *1i2a3 *-(e)12a3 *-1in2a3 *1a2ā3 *1a2ī3i, *1e2ī3i
e-stem *1a2e3 *-12e3 *-1in2e3 *ʔa1e2ā3 *12e3eḱi
ʔ-prefix stem *ʔa12e3 *-ʔa12u3 *-ʔi1en2i3 *ʔa12ā3 *ʔa12ē3i
ŋ-prefix stem *ŋa12e3 *-ŋ1a2u3 *-ŋ1in2i3 *ŋa12ā3 *12ū3eḱi
š-infix stem *1aš2e3 *-1aš2u3 *-1išin2o3 *1aš2ā3 *1aš2ē3i
ʔ-infix stem *1aʔ2e3 *-1aʔ2u3 *-1iʔin2i3 *1aʔ2ā3 *te1aʔ2e3i
2-redup *21a2e3 *-2a12u3 *-21in2u3 *21a2ā3 *21a23eḱi
3-redup *1i2a3e3 *-1a23u3 *-1in2i3u3 *1a2a3ā3 *12a3ē3i
13-redup *1i31a2e3 *-1i3a12u3 *-1i31in2u3 *1i31a2ā3 *1i31a2ē3

Derivation

  • Noun patterns: 1a23, 1i23, 1u23, 1a22ū3, 1a2a3, 1a2i2, 1a2u3, ŋa12ū3, 1ā2a3, 1ī2a3, 1ī2ī3, 1ī2ū3
  • 1aʔ2ū3 = adjective relating to personal qualities
  • ʔe12ā3 = agent noun
  • 1iʔ2i3 = resultatives
  • 1aʔ2e3 = tendency/quality of X
  • 1iʔ2a3 = degree/measure
  • -ām = augmentative (source of -om in Naeng and Eevo)
  • -ān = abstract noun, collective
  • 1a2ī3 = quality adjective
  • 1u2a3 = resultative adjective
  • 1e2ā3 = event
  • śi12ū3 = event
  • tawa12a3
  • śi12a3/śi12i3 = instrument
  • wa12ē3/wa12ī3 = profession
  • ti12a3/ti12e3 = process
  • wa12ū3 = patient noun
  • wa12ā3 = resultative noun

Syntax

Proto-Idavic was rigidly head-initial with a morphosyntax similar to Lushootseed or Austronesian. Most present-day Idavic languages (except Netagin) are less head-initial.

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