Kimow: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 12:51, 17 April 2024

Kimow
Kimau^[1]
kimow
Pronunciation	[ˈkʰím.ǒʊ] [ˈkʰǐɯ.ɑ̄w]
Created by	Jukethatbox
Date	2024
Native speakers	7.7 million(total) (2024) Kimo: 3.96 million Wakki: 3.74 million
Language family	language isolate Kimow
Dialects	Kimo dialects Igkin dialects Kemḥu Kka Mukku (†)^[2] Wakki dialects
Writing system	Latin
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Kimow(/kiːmoʊ/, kimow; Kimow: [ˈkʰím.ǒʊ] or [ˈkʰǐɯ.ɑ̄w]), also(but less commonly) called Kimau,^[1] is a language isolate that is notorious for the fact that the majority of its words are homonyms, meaning they have various meanings. For example, the name of the language, Kimow, can mean "Kimow"(adj.), "the Kimow language", "the Kimow people", "an ethnic Kimow", "a Kimow speaker(so not necessarily an ethnic Kimow)", "a member of the Kimow diaspora", "Kimow food" or "a Kimow city". There are also only two main dialects, the Kimo and the Wakki, and their homonymic meanings differ greatly at times, making mutual understanding difficult. Tone and phonology vary slightly as well, though not as greatly and are thus more mutually intelligible.

Phonology

Orthography

Kimow uses its own version of the Latin alphabet for writing.

Vowels + pulmonic consonants
Letter (Maj-min)	A a	B b	C c	D d	E e	F f	G g	H h	Ḥ ḥ	I i	J j	K k	Ḵ ḵ	L l	M m	N n	O o	Ö ö	P p	S s	T t	U u	W w	V v	Y y	Z z
IPA	a	bʱ	c	dʱ	e ɘ	f	gʱ ʔ^[3]	h	ɦ	i	ɟ g̟	kʰ	q	l	m ɯ^[4]	n ŋ^[5]	o ɑ	ø ɵ/œ	pʰ	s	tʰ	u/ʊ w^[6]		v	j	z

Consonants

Aside from Wakki dialects using [w] as a replacement for [u] and [ʊ], consonants do not vary at all between Kimow speakers.

		Bilabial	Labiodental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar/ Labial-velar	Uvular	Glottal
Plosive	pulmonic				c ɟ		q	ʔ
	aspirated	pʰ bʱ		tʰ dʱ		kʰ gʱ
	ejective	pʼ bʼ		tʼ		kʼ gʼ	qʼ
Nasal		m^[7]		n	ɲ	ŋ
Fricative	pulmonic		f v	s z	ç			h ɦ
Fricative	ejective		fʼ vʼ	sʼ zʼ
Approximant	normal				j	w^[6]
Approximant	lateral			l		ɫ

Dentalisation

When an alveolar plosive([t] or [d]) is behind a voiced fricative([z] or [v]), the plosive is dentalised, turning into [t̪] or [d̪]. This rule is present in all dialects apart from the moribund Mukku dialect.

Vowels

Red sounds are exclusive to Kimo dialects, while blue sounds are exclusive to Wakki dialects. Green sounds are exclusive to Igkin dialects, which although are a subset of Kimo dialects, do have some different sounds. Black sounds are in all sets of dialects.

	Front	Central	Near-close	Back
Close	i			ɯ^[4] u^[6]
Near-close			ʊ^[6]
Close-mid	e ø	ɘ^[8] ɵ^[8]		o
Open	a œ^[9]			ɑ^[10]

Prosody

Stress

Across all dialects, stress has only one pattern: prototonic in most cases, oxytonic when there is a case marker.

Tone

Use of tone in Kimow is not indicated in the orthography and varies by Kimo and Wakki dialects, though within their own subsets they tend to conform to one standard tone system.

Tone
Kimo	Wakki
high [˦ ]	rising [˩˥]
rising [˩˥]	mid [˧]
falling [˥˩]	low rising [˩˨]
falling [˥˩]	rising-falling [˧˦˧]
extra low [˩]	low [˨]
low [˨]	low [˨]

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Homonyms

Kimow is notorious for the fact that many of its words are homonyms with various meanings that can differ greatly from each other. Additionally, these different meanings can sometimes be simply up to dialectic difference, such as in the word vesi(visi in Wakki dialects). To analyse the many meanings of a typical Kimow word, one can use the Itou table, as so:

Itou table for *vesi*
	Kimo	Wakki
Word	vesi
Pronunciation	[věsȉ] [vɘ̌sȉ]	[vēsì]
Meaning 1...n	bicycle vehicle two-wheeled vehicle two wheels (coll.) Dutch/Netherlands Amsterdam bridge for bicycles bicycle path	boat ship cargo ship ship cargo navy sailor (rare) United Kingdom (rare) United States

Pronouns

Personal

Personal pronouns are only used in Kimo dialects. In Wakki dialects, the subject is inferred through verb conjugation alone.

		Singular	Plural
Person	First	ku [kʰú]	sagku [sáʔ.kʰȕ]
	Second	seḵ [sèq] [sɘ̀q]	iḵḵim [íqʼǐm]
	Third	vu [vù]	sutvu [sút̪.vú]

Demonstrative

Demonstrative pronouns are placed after the noun they are describing.

	Near	Far
Singular	ki [kʰí] [kʰǐ]	keḥki [kʰé.ɦkì] [kʰě.ɦkì]
Plural	ka [kʰà] [kʰǎ]	keḥka [kʰé.ɦkà] [kʰě.ɦkà]

Syntax

Constituent order

The Kimo dialect mainly uses SOV, though in the Wakki dialect, the subject is inferred through verb conjugation, meaning the verb order is more like VO.

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

Notes

^ ^a ^b Original exonym of the language before widespread English-based romanisation, now only used in German in the form of kimauisch.
^ Mostly extinct, some elderly speakers still exist.
^ When placed before /k/.
^ ^a ^b Allophone of [m]
^ Before a velar plosive only.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d In Wakki dialects, the [u]/[ʊ] is substituted by [w] in most cases.
^ Pronounced as [ɯ] in Wakki dialects.
^ ^a ^b Both are variants of [e] and [ø] in Kimo and Wakki dialects.
^ Alternative allophone of /ø/, though [ø] is still more widely used.
^ Wakki variant of Kimo [o].

[kimau-1] Original exonym of the language before widespread English-based romanisation, now only used in German in the form of kimauisch.

[2] Mostly extinct, some elderly speakers still exist.

[3] When placed before /k/.

[meu-4] Allophone of [m]

[5] Before a velar plosive only.

[ʊ-6] In Wakki dialects, the [u]/[ʊ] is substituted by [w] in most cases.

[7] Pronounced as [ɯ] in Wakki dialects.

[closemidcentral-8] Both are variants of [e] and [ø] in Kimo and Wakki dialects.

[9] Alternative allophone of /ø/, though [ø] is still more widely used.

[10] Wakki variant of Kimo [o].

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 | name = Kimow
 | nativename = kimow
-| altname = Kimau<ref>Original exonym of the language before widespread English-based romanisation, now only used in German in the form of *kimauisch*.</ref>
+| altname = Kimau<ref name="kimau">Original exonym of the language before widespread English-based romanisation, now only used in German in the form of ''kimauisch''.</ref>
-| pronunciation = kʰím.ǒʊ]<br>[kʰǐm.ɑ̄w
+| pronunciation = ˈkʰím.ǒʊ]<br>[ˈkʰǐɯ.ɑ̄w
 | creator = User:Jukethatbox
 | created = 2024
+| speakers = 7.7 million(total)
+| speakers2 = [[Kimow|Kimo]]: 3.96 million<br>[[Kimow|Wakki]]: 3.74 million
+| date = 2024
 | familycolor = language isolate
 | dia1 = Kimo dialects
 ** Igkin dialects
-*** Kemhu Kka
+*** Kemḥu Kka
 ** Mukku (†)<ref>Mostly extinct, some elderly speakers still exist.</ref>
 | dia2 = Wakki dialects
+| script1 = Latn
 | notice = ipa
 }}
-'''Kimow'''(/kiːmoʊ/, ''kimow''; <small>Kimow:</small> [[Help:IPA|[kʰím.ǒʊ]]] or [[Help:IPA|[kʰǐm.ɑ̄w]]]), also(but less commonly) called '''Kimau''', is a language isolate that is notorious for the fact that the majority of its words are homonyms, meaning they have various meanings. For example, the name of the language, Kimow, can mean "Kimow"(adj.), "the Kimow language", "the Kimow people", "an ethnic Kimow", "a Kimow speaker(so not necessarily an ethnic Kimow)", "a member of the Kimow diaspora", "Kimow food" or "a Kimow city". There are also only two main dialects, the Kimo and the Wakki, and their homonymic meanings differ greatly at times, making mutual understanding difficult. Tone and phonology vary slightly as well, though not as greatly and are thus more mutually intelligible.
+'''Kimow'''(/kiːmoʊ/, ''[[Contionary:kimow|kimow]]''; <small>Kimow:</small> [[Help:IPA|[ˈkʰím.ǒʊ]]] or [[Help:IPA|[ˈkʰǐɯ.ɑ̄w]]]), also(but less commonly) called '''Kimau''',<ref name="kimau"></ref> is a language isolate that is notorious for the fact that the majority of its words are homonyms, meaning they have various meanings. For example, the name of the language, Kimow, can mean "Kimow"(adj.), "the Kimow language", "the Kimow people", "an ethnic Kimow", "a Kimow speaker(so not necessarily an ethnic Kimow)", "a member of the Kimow diaspora", "Kimow food" or "a Kimow city". There are also only two main dialects, the '''Kimo''' and the '''Wakki''', and their homonymic meanings differ greatly at times, making mutual understanding difficult. Tone and phonology vary slightly as well, though not as greatly and are thus more mutually intelligible.
 ==Phonology==
 ===Orthography===
+Kimow uses its own version of the [[w:Latin script|Latin alphabet]] for writing.
+{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
+|+ Vowels + pulmonic consonants
+|-
+! Letter<br>(Maj-min)
+| A a || B b || C  c || D d || E e || F f || G g || H h || Ḥ ḥ || I i || J j || K k || Ḵ ḵ || L l || M m || N n || O o || Ö<br>ö || P p || S s || T t || U u || W w || V v || Y y || Z z
+|-
+! IPA
+| a || bʱ || c || dʱ || e<br><span style=color:green>ɘ</span> || f || gʱ<br>ʔ<ref>When placed before /k/.</ref> || h || ɦ || i || ɟ<br><span style=color:green>g̟</span>|| kʰ || q || l || m<br><span style=color:blue>ɯ</span><ref name="meu"></ref>|| n<br>ŋ<ref>Before a velar plosive only.</ref> || <span style=color:red>o</span><br><span style=color:blue>ɑ</span> || ø<br><span style=color:green>ɵ</span>/<span style=color:green>œ</span>|| pʰ || s || tʰ ||  colspan=2 | <span style=color:red>u/ʊ</span><br><span style=color:blue>w</span><ref name="ʊ"></ref>  || v || j || z
+|}
 ===Consonants===
 Aside from Wakki dialects using [w] as a replacement for [u] and [ʊ], consonants do not vary at all between Kimow speakers.
 {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
-! colspan=2 | !! Bilabial !! Labiodental !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Glottal
+! colspan=2 | !! Bilabial !! Labiodental !! Alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar/<br>Labial-velar !! Uvular !! Glottal
 |-
 ! rowspan=3 | Plosive
 ! pulmonic
-| || || || c ɟ || || q ɢ || ʔ
+| || || || c ɟ || || q || ʔ
 |-
 ! aspirated
 | pʰ bʱ || || tʰ dʱ || || kʰ gʱ || ||
 |-
-! ejective/glottalised<ref name="ejective">See [[Kimow#Ejective controversy]].</ref>
+! ejective
-| pʼ bʼ<br>p͡ʔ b͡ʔ || || tʼ<br>t͡ʔ|| qʼ ɢʼ<br>q͡ʔ ɢ͡ʔ || ||
+| pʼ bʼ || || tʼ|| || kʼ gʼ || qʼ||
 |-
 ! colspan=2 | Nasal
-| m || || n || ɲ || ŋ || ||
+| m<ref>Pronounced as [ɯ] in Wakki dialects.</ref>|| || n || ɲ || ŋ || ||
 |-
 ! rowspan=2 | Fricative
@@ Line 39: / Line 54: @@
 | || f v || s z || ç || || || h ɦ
 |-
-! ejective/glottalised<ref name="ejective"></ref>
+! ejective
-| || fʼ vʼ<br>f͡ʔ v͡ʔ || sʼ zʼ <br>s͡ʔ z͡ʔ || || || ||
+| || fʼ vʼ|| sʼ zʼ || || || ||
+|-
+! rowspan=2 | Approximant
+! normal
+| || || || j || w<ref name=ʊ></ref> || ||
+|-
+! lateral
+| || || l || || ɫ || ||
 |}
-====Ejective controversy====
+====Dentalisation====
-There is an ongoing debate on whether the doubled consonants of Kimow(''kk'', ''gg'' and so forth) are [[w:Ejective consonant|'''ejective''']] consonants or '''diphthongs with a glottal stop'''. Previous studies have tried to link the two sets of different sounds to dialectical difference between Kimo and Wakki, but no correlation was found between use of glottal diphthongs or ejectives on dialectic differences alone. Subsequent studies on less spoken dialects, such as Kemhu Kka and Mukku found no correlation either. Thus, the theory that use of ejectives or glottal diphthongs depends on dialect is now generally considered outdated and disproven, though a replacement theory with substantial evidence has yet to be found. Until such a theory is proposed, the linguistic community has agreed that the differences are completely arbitrary and are sometimes up to the speaker.
+When an alveolar plosive([t] or [d]) is behind a voiced fricative([z] or [v]), the plosive is dentalised, turning into [t̪] or [d̪]. This rule is present in all dialects apart from the moribund Mukku dialect.
 ===Vowels===
 <span style="color:red">Red</span> sounds are exclusive to Kimo dialects, while <span style="color:blue">blue</span> sounds are exclusive to Wakki dialects. <span style="color:green">Green</span> sounds are exclusive to Igkin dialects, which although are a subset of Kimo dialects, do have some different sounds. Black sounds are in all sets of dialects.
@@ Line 50: / Line 73: @@
 |-
 ! Close
-| i || ||  || <span style="color:blue">ɯ</span><ref>Allophone of [m] in initial position.</ref> <span style="color: red">u</span><ref name="ʊ">In Wakki dialects, the [u]/[ʊ] is substituted by [w] in most cases.</ref>
+| i || ||  || <span style="color:blue">ɯ</span><ref name="meu">Allophone of [m]</ref> <span style="color: red">u</span><ref name="ʊ">In Wakki dialects, the [u]/[ʊ] is substituted by [w] in most cases.</ref>
 |-
 ! Near-close
@@ Line 61: / Line 84: @@
 | a <span style="color:green">œ</span><ref>Alternative allophone of /ø/, though [ø] is still more widely used.</ref> || || <span style="color:blue">ɑ</span><ref>Wakki variant of Kimo [o].</ref>
 |}
 ===Prosody===
 ====Stress====
-====Intonation====
+Across all dialects, stress has only one pattern: prototonic in most cases, oxytonic when there is a case marker.
+====Tone====
+Use of tone in Kimow is not indicated in the orthography and varies by Kimo and Wakki dialects, though within their own subsets they tend to conform to one standard tone system.
+{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
+! colspan=2 | Tone
+|-
+! Kimo !! Wakki
+|-
+| high <br> [[Help:IPA|[˦ ] ]]|| rising <br>[[Help:IPA|[˩˥]]]
+|-
+| rising <br>[[Help:IPA|[˩˥]]] || mid <br>[[Help:IPA|[˧]]]
+|-
+| rowspan=2 | falling <br>[[Help:IPA|[˥˩]]] || low rising <br>[[Help:IPA|[˩˨]]]
+|-
+| rising-falling <br>[[Help:IPA|[˧˦˧]]]
+|-
+| extra low<br>[[Help:IPA|[˩]]] || rowspan=2 | low<br>[[Help:IPA|[˨]]]
+|-
+|  low<br>[[Help:IPA|[˨]]]
+|}
 ===Phonotactics===
 ===Morphophonology===
 ==Morphology==
+===Homonyms===
+Kimow is notorious for the fact that many of its words are homonyms with various meanings that can differ greatly from each other. Additionally, these different meanings can sometimes be simply up to dialectic difference, such as in the word ''vesi''(''visi'' in Wakki dialects). To analyse the many meanings of a typical Kimow word, one can use the Itou table, as so:
+{{itou-standard|vesi|kimo=věsȉ|igkin=vɘ̌sȉ|wakki=vēsì|meaning1=bicycle<br>vehicle<br>two-wheeled vehicle<br>two wheels<br>(''coll.'') Dutch/Netherlands<br>Amsterdam<br>bridge for bicycles<br>bicycle path|meaning2=boat<br>ship<br>cargo ship<br>ship cargo<br>navy<br>sailor<br>(''rare'') United Kingdom<br>(''rare'') United States}}
+===Pronouns===
+====Personal====
+Personal pronouns are only used in Kimo dialects. In Wakki dialects, the subject is inferred through verb conjugation alone.
+{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center;"
+! colspan=2 | !! Singular !! Plural
+|-
+! rowspan=3 | Person
+! First
+| ''ku''<br>[[Help:IPA|[kʰú]]] || ''sagku''<br>[[Help:IPA|[sáʔ.kʰȕ]]]
+|-
+! Second
+| ''seḵ''<br>[[Help:IPA|[sèq]<br>[sɘ̀q]]] || ''iḵḵim''<br>[[Help:IPA|[íqʼǐm]]]
+|-
+! Third
+| ''vu''<br>[[Help:IPA|[vù]]]|| ''sutvu''<br>[[Help:IPA|[sút̪.vú]]]
+|}
+====Demonstrative====
+Demonstrative pronouns are placed after the noun they are describing.
+{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
+! !! Near !! Far
+|-
+! Singular
+| ''ki''<br>[[Help:IPA|[kʰí]<br>[kʰǐ]]] || ''keḥki''<br>[[Help:IPA|[kʰé.ɦkì]<br>[kʰě.ɦkì]]]
+|-
+! Plural
+| ''ka''<br>[[Help:IPA|[kʰà]<br>[kʰǎ]]] || ''keḥka''<br>[[Help:IPA|[kʰé.ɦkà]<br>[kʰě.ɦkà]]]
+|}
 ==Syntax==
 ===Constituent order===
+The Kimo dialect mainly uses SOV, though in the Wakki dialect, the subject is inferred through verb conjugation, meaning the verb order is more like VO.
 ===Noun phrase===
 ===Verb phrase===
@@ Line 75: / Line 152: @@
 ==Example texts==
 ==Other resources==
+===Notes===

Kimow: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 12:51, 17 April 2024

Contents

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

Dentalisation

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Tone

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Homonyms

Pronouns

Personal

Demonstrative

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

Notes

Navigation menu

Kimow: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 12:51, 17 April 2024

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

Dentalisation

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Tone

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Homonyms

Pronouns

Personal

Demonstrative

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources

Notes

Navigation menu

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