Kukʉp: Difference between revisions

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|'''o e''' /ɒ ɛ/
|'''o e''' /ɒ ɛ/
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===Verbs===
Kukʉp verbs don't use perfect aspects or indicative mood (past, present, or future tense). Instead, those details are determined through context.
* Progressive aspect -- Suffix: '''-(i)r''' /-(i)ɾ/ -- ''"am studying"'' or petʉpir
* Imperative -- Suffix: '''-(e)ni''' /ɛni/ -- ''"study!" (as a command)'' or petʉpeni
* Negation -- Uses the particle '''u''' /u/ before main verb phrase


==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==

Revision as of 15:15, 14 September 2017

Kukʉp is the native language of the Pineti, a Human culture that exists primarily at sea. The modern form is a creole of True Ongo and Old Kukʉp, with additional vocabulary from various favored port cities included as needed.

General Information

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant inventory: /h k l m n p t v w ŋ ɾ ʔ/

Bilabial Labiodental Alveolar Velar Labio-velar Glottal
Stop p t1 k2 ʔ
Nasal m n ŋ3
Fricative v4 h
Approximant w5
Tap ɾ
Lateral approximant l
  1. /t/ turns into /k/ between vowels
  2. /k/ turns into /t/ when ending a word
  3. /ŋ/ turns into /k/ when beginning a word
  4. /v/ turns into /w/ when beginning a word
  5. /w/ turns into /v/ between vowels

Vowels

Vowel inventory: /a e i o u ɒ ɛ ʉ/

Front Central Back
Close i ʉ u
Close-mid e o
Open-mid ɛ
Open a ɒ

Diphthongs: None

Phonotactics

Syllable structure for is, in most cases, (C)V(C). Stress pattern is normally penultimate, meaning stress is placed on the second to last syllable. Because of the extensive use of loan words, exceptions to this rule are relatively common.

  • Word initial consonants: h, k, l, m, n, p, t, v, w, ŋ, ɾ
  • Mid word consonants : h, k, l, m, n, p, t, v, w, ŋ, ɾ, ʔ
  • Word final consonants : k, l, n, p, t, v, w, ɾ, ʔ

Orthography

Grammar

Kukʉp uses Subject-Oblique-Object-Verb for word order, with adjectives placed before nouns and suffixes used when adpositions are necessary.

  • "Mary opened the red door with a key" = Mary with a key the red door opened. (or "Marya kep evo wawʉt lil a'o vopuk kutet.")

Nouns

Kukʉp uses gender (Person, Land, Sea, Sky) to indicate the source of nouns. While nouns will be assumed to have a particular gender (ee means wood and is normally Land gendered), gender can be changed to show that a specific noun came from a different source (Sea gendered wood might indicate drift wood, while Person gendered wood would imply that someone shaped or carved the wood in question).

Noun Morphology

Kukʉp is an ergative-absolutive language, meaning the object of a transitive verb and the single core argument of an intransitive verb are treated the same (absolutive), while the agent of a transitive verb is treated differently (ergative). In English, this would read as follows:

  • He (agent) found me (object).
  • Him (argument) traveled.
Singular Plural
Absolutive Person child nevo /’nevɒ/ children Suffix: -(e)t /-(ɛ)t/
nevot /’nevɒt/
Land tree erku /’ɛɾku/ trees Suffix: -(u)ri /-(u)ɾi/
erkuri /ɛɾ’kuɾi/
Sea fish ʉre /’ʉɾɛ/ fishes Suffix: -(ʉ)p /-(ʉ)p/
ʉrep /’ʉɾɛp/
Sky bird roi /’ɾoi/ birds Suffix: -(u)re /uɾe/
roire /ɾo’iɾe/
Ergative Person child Suffix: -a /-a/
nevoa /ne’vɒa/
children Suffix: -(ʉ)re /ʉɾe/
nevore /ne’vɒɾe/
Land tree Suffix: -(i)t /-(i)t/
erkut /ɛɾ’kut/
trees Suffix: -(ʉ)t /-(ʉ)t/
erkut /ɛɾ’kut/
Sea fish Suffix: -(o)v /-(ɒ)v/
ʉrev /’ʉɾɛv/
fishes Suffix: -(ʉ)' /-(ʉ)ʔ/
ʉre’ /’ʉɾɛʔ/
Sky bird Suffix: -i /-i/
roii /ɾo’ii/
birds Suffix: -(u)p /-(u)p/
roip /’ɾoip/

Definite Article

Singular Plural
Absolutive Person the [child] lil /lil/ the [children] ril /ɾil/
Land the [tree] hom /hɒm/ the [trees] ‘om /ʔɒm/
Sea the [fish] nan /nan/ the [fishes] nam /nam/
Sky the [bird] kow /kow/ the [birds] kuw /kuw/
Ergative Person the [child] 'ul /ʔul/ the [children] hul /hul/
Land the [tree] hup /hup/ the [trees] rup /ɾup/
Sea the [fish] kan /kan/ the [fishes] kel /kɛl/
Sky the [bird] tow /tow/ the [birds] 'aw /ʔaw/

Indefinite Article

The numeral for ‘one’, evo, is used as the indefinite article.

Personal Pronouns

Absolutive Ergative Genitive Dative
1st. Singular I lo /lo/ me lor /loɾ/ mine le /le/ to me lo e /lo ɛ/
2nd. Singular you let /let/ you leh /leh/ yours lep /lɛp/ to you let e /let ɛ/
3rd. Singular he/she/it pu /pu/ him/her/it pʉn /pʉn/ his/hers/its pur /pur/ to him/her/it pu e /pu ɛ/
1st. Plural we /lʉ/ us lʉt /lʉt/ ours lʉn /lʉn/ to us lʉ e /lʉ ɛ/
2nd. Plural you ʉ /ʉ/ you /hʉ/ yours ʉp /ʉp/ to you ʉ e /ʉ ɛ/
3rd. Plural they o /ɒ/ them o' /ɒʔ/ theirs ho' /hɒʔ/ to them o e /ɒ ɛ/

Verbs

Kukʉp verbs don't use perfect aspects or indicative mood (past, present, or future tense). Instead, those details are determined through context.

  • Progressive aspect -- Suffix: -(i)r /-(i)ɾ/ -- "am studying" or petʉpir
  • Imperative -- Suffix: -(e)ni /ɛni/ -- "study!" (as a command) or petʉpeni
  • Negation -- Uses the particle u /u/ before main verb phrase

Vocabulary

See also