Regular paradigm
| gadhabh, gedhíbh - to drown
|
|
|
Perfective
|
Imperfective
|
| Subject |
Singular |
Paucal |
Plural |
Singular |
Paucal |
Plural
|
| 0
|
gadhabhcáˀ
|
gidabhcáˀ
|
| 1
|
gadhabhd |
gadhabhtú |
gadhabhtáˀ
|
gidabhd |
gidabhtú |
gidabhtáˀ
|
| 2
|
gadhbhann |
gadhabhnú |
gadhabhnáˀ
|
gidbhann |
gidabhnú |
gidabhnáˀ
|
| 3
|
gadhabh |
gadhbhú |
gadhbháˀ
|
gidabh |
gidbhú |
gidbháˀ
|
| gadhóbh, gadíbháˀ - to drink/absorb liquid, prefixed
|
| Perfective
|
Imperfective
|
| Direct |
Inverse |
Direct
|
| bighdóbh |
fabighdóbh |
beghadíbh
|
| cighdóbh |
facighdóbh |
ceghadíbh
|
| highdóbh |
fahighdóbh |
heghadíbh
|
| lighdóbh |
fallighdóbh |
leghadíbh
|
| nighdóbh |
fannighdóbh |
neghadíbh
|
| tighdóbh |
fatighdóbh |
teghadíbh
|
| yighdóbh |
fayyighdóbh |
yeghadíbh
|
| gadhóbh, gadíbháˀ - to drink/absorb, w/ focus suffixes
|
| yighdóbhcí |
yighdóbhcú |
yighdóbhnáˀ
|
| gadhóbh, gadíbháˀ - to drink/absorb, imperative
|
|
|
Perfective
|
Imperfective
|
| Object |
Singular |
Paucal |
Plural |
Singular |
Paucal |
Plural
|
| 0
|
gadhóbhcán!
|
gadabhcán!
|
| 1
|
gadhóbhtín! |
gadhóbhtún! |
gadhóbhtán!
|
gadabhdin! |
gadabhtún! |
gadabhtán!
|
| 3
|
gidhbhín! |
gidhbhún! |
gidhbhán!
|
gadbhín! |
gadbhún! |
gadbhán!
|
| ˀighdébh, ˀaghdóbhath - to get oneself drowned; to fill up with liquid
|
|
|
Perfective
|
Imperfective
|
| Subject |
Singular |
Paucal |
Plural |
Singular |
Paucal |
Plural
|
| 0
|
ˀighdabhcáˀ
|
nighdabhcáˀ
|
| 1
|
ˀighdabhd |
ˀighdabhtú |
ˀighdabhtáˀ
|
nighdabhd |
nighdabhtú |
nighdabhtáˀ
|
| 2
|
ˀighdebhann |
ˀighdabhnú |
ˀighdabhnáˀ
|
nighdebhann |
nighdabhnú |
nighdabhnáˀ
|
| 3
|
ˀighdébh |
ˀighdebhú |
ˀighdebháˀ
|
nighdébh |
nighdebhú |
nighdebháˀ
|
| ˀaghdabh, ˀaghdúbháˀ - to drown (transitive)/to cause to drink/to fill w/ liquid, prefixed
|
| Perfective
|
Imperfective
|
| baghdabh |
bingédabh
|
| caghdabh |
cingédabh
|
| haghdabh |
hingédabh
|
| laghdabh |
lingédabh
|
| naghdabh |
ningédabh
|
| taghdabh |
tingédabh
|
| yaghdabh |
yingédabh
|
| ˀaghdabh, ˀaghdúbháˀ, imperative
|
|
|
Perfective
|
Imperfective
|
| Object |
Singular |
Paucal |
Plural |
Singular |
Paucal |
Plural
|
| 0
|
ˀaghdabhcán!
|
ˀingédabhcán!
|
| 1
|
ˀaghdabhtín! |
ˀaghdabhtún! |
ˀaghdabhtán!
|
ˀingédabhtín! |
ˀingédabhtún! |
ˀingédabhtán!
|
| 3
|
ˀaghdabhín! |
ˀaghdabhún! |
ˀaghdabhán!
|
ˀingédbhín! |
ˀingédbhún! |
ˀingédbhán!
|
Weak roots
The so-called weak roots have consonants that create various irregularities in conjugation.
First radical
Gutturals (ˀálaph, héˀ, ḥéth, ˁáin)
|
Perfective |
Imperfective |
Participle |
Action noun
|
| Intransitive
|
C1aC2aC3 |
C1iC2C2aC3 |
C1óC2éC3 |
C1aC2íC3N
|
| Transitive
|
C1aC2óC3 |
C1aC2C2íC3 |
meC1aC2C2íC3 |
C1aC2C2íC3áˀN
|
| Reflexive
|
ˀeC1eC2éC3 |
neC1eC2éC3 |
miNC1úC2áC3 |
ˀáC2óC3athN (C1 = ˀ)
ˀaC1aC2óC3athN (C1 = h, ḥ, ˁ)
|
| Causative
|
ˀaC1aC2aC3 |
n(e)C1éC2aC3 |
maC1aC2áC3 |
ˀáC2úC3áˀN (C1 = ˀ)
ˀaC1aC2úC3áˀN (C1 = h, ḥ, ˁ)
|
Nún
|
Perfective |
Imperfective |
Participle |
Action noun
|
| Intransitive
|
naC2aC3 |
niC2C2aC3 |
nóC2éC3 |
neC2íC3N
|
| Transitive
|
NC2óC3, ~NC2óC3 |
naC2C2íC3 |
menaC2C2íC3 |
naC2C2íC3áˀN
|
| Reflexive
|
ˀiNC2éC3 |
niNC2éC3 |
minnúC2áC3 |
ˀaNC2óC3athN
|
| Causative
|
ˀaNC2aC3 |
(n)néC2aC3 |
maNC2áC3 |
ˀaNC2úC3áˀN
|
Yódh
|
Perfective |
Imperfective |
Participle |
Action noun
|
| Intransitive
|
yaC2aC3 |
yiC2C2aC3 |
yóC2éC3 |
yeC2íC3N
|
| Transitive
|
C2óC3, ~éC2óC3 |
yaC2C2íC3 |
meyaC2C2íC3 |
yaC2C2íC3áˀN
|
| Reflexive
|
ˀéiC2éC3 |
néiC2éC3 |
minyúC2áC3 |
ˀéiC2óC3athN
|
| Causative
|
ˀéiC2aC3 |
nyéC2aC3 |
méiC2áC3 |
ˀéiC2úC3áˀN
|
Fó
|
Perfective |
Imperfective |
Participle |
Action Noun
|
| Intransitive
|
faC2aC3 |
fiC2C2aC3 |
fóC2éC3 |
f(e)C2íC3N
|
| Transitive
|
C2óC3, ~óC2áC3 |
faC2C2íC3 |
mefhaC2C2íC3 |
faC2C2íC3áˀN
|
| Reflexive
|
ˀóC2éC3 |
nóC2éC3 |
mimhfúC2áC3 |
ˀóC2óC3athN
|
| Causative
|
ˀóC2aC3 |
mhféC2aC3 |
móC2áC3 |
ˀóC2úC3áˀN
|
Second radical
Guttural
|
Perfective |
Imperfective |
Participle |
Action noun
|
| Intransitive
|
C1aC2aC3 |
C1éC2aC3 |
C1óC2éC3 |
C1eC2íC3N
|
| Transitive
|
C1eC2aC3 |
C1áC2íC3 |
meC1áC2íC3 |
C1áC2íC3áˀN
|
| Reflexive
|
ˀeC1C2éC3 |
niC1C2éC3 |
miNC1úC2áC3 |
ˀaC1C2óC3athN
|
| Causative
|
ˀaC1C2aC3 |
NC1éC2aC3 |
maC1C2áC3 |
ˀaC1C2úC3áˀN
|
Hollow-Y
|
Perfective |
Imperfective |
Participle |
Action noun
|
| Intransitive
|
C1áC3 |
C1iyyaC3 |
C1áC3 |
C1íC3N
|
| Transitive
|
C1éC3 |
C1ayyíC3 |
meC1ayyíC3 |
C1ayyíC3áˀN
|
| Reflexive
|
ˀéC1íC3 |
náC1éC3 |
miNC1éC3 |
táC1óC3athN
|
| Causative
|
ˀáC1íC3 |
NC1éC3 |
máC1íC3 |
táC1úC3áˀN
|
Hollow-F
|
Perfective |
Imperfective |
Participle |
Action noun
|
| Intransitive
|
C1áC3 |
C1ifaC3 |
C1áC3 |
C1íC3N
|
| Transitive
|
C1úC3 |
C1afíC3 |
meC1afíC3 |
C1afíC3áˀN
|
| Reflexive
|
ˀéC1úC3 |
náC1óC3 |
miNC1óC3 |
táC1óC3athN
|
| Causative
|
ˀáC1úC3 |
NC1óC3 |
máC1úC3 |
táC1úC3áˀN
|
Third radical
Guttural
|
Perfective |
Imperfective |
Participle |
Action noun
|
| Intransitive
|
C1aC2aC3 |
C1iC2C2aC3 |
C1óC2é[a]1C3 |
C1(e)C2í[a]1C3N
|
| Transitive
|
C1C2aC3 |
C1aC2C2í[a]1C3 |
meC1aC2C2í[a]1C3 |
C1aC2C2í1C3áˀN
|
| Reflexive
|
ˀiC1C2é2C3 |
niC1C2é[a]1C3 |
miNC1úC2áC3 |
ˀaC1C2óC3athN
|
| Causative
|
ˀaC1C2aC3 |
NC1éC2áC3 |
maC1C2áC3 |
ˀaC1C2úC3áˀN
|
1 inserted if C3[+pharyngeal].
2 becomes á if C3[+pharyngeal].
Nún
This irregularity does not hold for all verbs whose C3 = n; specifically, this class is no longer productive with new verbs.
If a unipersonal suffix beginning with an eclipsable consonant is attached, the final nún vanishes, eclipsing the consonant:
1sg: -g
1pc, pl: -dtú, -dtá
For all other suffixes, the nún is written/geminated as normal.
Yódh
|
Perfective |
Imperfective |
Participle |
Action noun
|
| Intransitive
|
C1aC2eh, -í- / _C |
C1iC2C2eh, -í- / _C |
C1óC2eh |
C1(e)C2íN
|
| Transitive
|
C1C2eh, -éi- / _C |
C1aC2C2eh, -í- / _C |
meC1aC2C2eh |
C1aC2C2íyáˀN
|
| Reflexive
|
ˀiC1C2eh, -éi- / _C |
niC1C2eh, -éi- / _C |
miNC1úC2eh |
ˀaC1C2íthN
|
| Causative
|
ˀaC1C2eh, -í- / _C |
NC1éC2eh, -í- / _C |
maC1C2eh |
ˀaC1C2úyáˀN
|
The suffix -eh is deleted before a suffix beginning with a vowel.
Consonants in suffixes lenite after a vowel.
Fó
|
Perfective |
Imperfective |
Participle |
Action noun
|
| Intransitive
|
C1aC2eh, -ú- / _C |
C1iC2C2eh, -ú- / _C |
C1óC2eh |
C1(e)C2íN
|
| Transitive
|
C1C2eh, -ó- / _C |
C1aC2C2eh, -ú- / _C |
meC1aC2C2eh |
C1aC2C2ífáˀN
|
| Reflexive
|
ˀiC1C2eh, -ó- / _C |
niC1C2eh, -ó- / _C |
miNC1úC2eh |
ˀaC1C2úthN
|
| Causative
|
ˀaC1C2eh, -ú- / _C |
NC1éC2eh, -ú- / _C |
maC1C2eh |
ˀaC1C2úfáˀN
|
The vowel suffix -eh is deleted before a suffix beginning with a vowel.
Consonants in suffixes lenite after a vowel.
Geminate roots
Geminate roots are those with identical second and third radicals.
|
Perfective |
Imperfective |
Participle |
Action noun
|
| Intransitive
|
C1aC2C2, -ó- / _C |
C1úC2aC2 |
C1óC2éC2 |
C1iC2C2N
|
| Transitive
|
C1óC2C2, -ó- / _C |
C1úC2íC2 |
meC1úC2íC2 |
C1úC2íC2áˀN
|
| Reflexive
|
ˀéC1iC2C2, -ó- / _C |
néC1iC2C2, -ó- / _C |
miNC1úC2áC2 |
ˀaC1C2óC2athN
|
| Causative
|
ˀáC1aC2C2, -ó- / _C |
NC1éC2aC2 |
máC1aC2C2 |
táC1uC2C2áˀN
|
Quadriliterals
Quadriliteral roots can only conjugate in the Intransitive and Transitive patterns.
|
Perfective |
Imperfective |
Participle |
Action noun
|
| Intransitive
|
C1aC2C3aC4 |
C1iC2C3aC4 |
C1óC2C3éC4 |
C1iC2C3íC4N
|
| Transitive
|
C1iC2C3óC4 |
C1aC2C3í1C4 |
meC1aC2C3íC4 |
C1aC2C3íC4áˀN
|