N.B.: This article uses a phonetic feature notation shorthand in which all described
features are limited to three characters. Please refer
to the legend here.
Spirantisation I
Pre-Liquid Stop Insertion
Geminate Collapse I
Spirantisation II
Deletion of Interconsonantal h
Spirantisation III
Expansion of [fl]→[θl], [hL]
Consonant Cluster Voice Changes I
Clisis & Lexicalisation
Consonant Cluster Voice Changes II
Changes to Geminate Obstruents
Changes to Geminate Nasals I
Changes to Geminate Liquids
Metathesis
Deletion of s after r
s-Clusters Diffused
Lengthening of Word-Final Stressed Vowels
Reversal of High Diphthong Altitude Trajectory
Umlaut
Launch of Rhotacism
Changes of /j/ to /ʝ/
Long Mid Vowel Diphthongisation I
Expansion of East Germanic Verschärfung
Deletion of Final Unstressed [a]
Defenestration of Greek Fricatives
Changes to Geminate Nasals II
Deletion of word-initial prenasalised stops
Rhotacism Failure
j/z Merger
Initial h to þ before a sonorant
Assimilation of h after short vowels
Repulsion of h after long vowels
All of the Above
Changes to Geminates
Change of h to þ after a liquid
Assimilation of s in Consonant Clusters
Palatalisation of sk
Palatalisation of h before j
Palatalisation of Non-Labial Stops before j
Vowel Reduction: Long Vowel Shortening
Vowel Reduction: Diphthong Changes
Vowel Reduction: Schwa Changes
Vowel Reduction: Syllabic Sonorants
Reduction of Consonant Clusters
Vowel Reduction II: Lowering of Unstressed Short Vowels
Vowel Reduction II: Shortening of Unstressed Long Vowels
Change of ju to eu after r
Changes to Unstressed Word-Final Syllables
Deletion of j and Merging of Palatal Afficates
Vowel Tensing
Syllabic Unpacking
Schwa Fortition to /a/
Syllabification of word-final falling diphthongs
Monophthongisation of Diphthongs over Morpheme Boundaries
Relaxisation of Middle Diphthongs
Labial Trimming
Deletion of Internasal g
Changes to w