Proto-Almaic: Difference between revisions

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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox proto-language
|name         = Proto-Almaic
| name       = Proto-Almaic
|altname      =  
| creator    = [[User:MIGUELbM|Miguel Bartelsman]]
|nativename    = Rapa'i
| altname    = Rapa'i
|pronunciation = /ʀaˈpa.ʔi/
| target      = Almaic
|region       = Almaic plains; Hassjic mountains.
| region     = Almaic plains; Hassjic mountains
|extinct      = ca. 3500 a.E.
| era        = 5000–3500 a.E. (Lithic)
|era          = Lithic period
| familycolor =  
|familycolor   =  
| child1      = [[Angaran]]
|fam1          = Almeic
| child2     = [[Yohari]]
|family        = Proto-Almaic
|creator      = Miguel Bartelsman
|created      = 2020
|setting      = Conworld Angara
|script        = Latin
|iso3          = none
|image        =
|imagesize    =
|imagealt     =  
|imagecaption  =
|imageheader  =
|map          =
|mapsize      =
|mapalt        =
|mapcaption    =
|map2          =
|mapalt2      =
|mapcaption2  =
|boxsize      =
|notice        = IPA
}}
}}


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== Syntax ==
== Syntax ==


=== Main clause ===
{{rellink|For examples: [[Proto-Almaic/Test Sentences]]}}


Proto-Almaic is primarily a VSO language, with alternate orders such as SVO, employed for topic introduction, and VOS, a result of pragmatic marking, being less common.
Proto-Angaric is a specifier-initial, adjunct-mixed, head-final language.


=== The verb phrase ===
XP → (YP) X'


The verb phrase is, maximally, as follows:
X' → (ZP) X' ''or'' X' (ZP)


: (Preposition) '''Verb''' (Adverbs) (Auxiliary Verb)
X' (WP) X


Preverbal adpositions are valency increasing operators. These are usually applied before intransitive verbs to have them take a locative object, though they might also serve to form dative or causative constructions. Only a small subset of adpositions is allowed in this role.
=== Structure rules ===
Adverbs are usually located directly after the main verb, when multiple adverbs are used they obey the following order:


: Time – Manner – Place
Phrase heads are in '''bold''', adjuncts are in {{color|gray|gray}}, optional elements are surrounded by (parentheses) or, if they can be repeated, by {curly braces}


Some functional adverbs, such as questions and conditionals will be located in other positions, such as at the beginning of the clause or at the end.
==== Sentence ====
* CP


Auxiliary verbs are used to express certain tenses and aspects that main verbs have no inflections for, such as the future tense and the progressive aspect. When an auxiliary is used, the main verb takes no inflections, other than preverbal adpositions.
==== Complement Phrase (CP) ====
* (NP) VP ('''C''')
* VP '''NP''' — Subject backing
 
==== Verb Phrase (VP) ====
* (NP/DP/CP) (NP/DP/CP) '''V''' {{color|gray|{PP/AdvP} }} (Aux)
 
==== Noun Phrase (NP) ====
* {{color|gray|{PP} }} (PP/AdjP) '''N''' {{color|gray|{Adj} }}
 
==== Determiner phrase (DP) ====
* (NP) '''D'''
* (NP)<sub>{{glossabb|s|Subject, possessor, specifier}}</sub> (NP)<sub>{{glossabb|o|Object, possessee, complement}}</sub> '''D''' &mdash; Possessive construction
 
==== Postposition Phrase (PP) ====
* (NP/DP/CP) '''PP'''
 
==== Adverb Phrase (AdvP) ====
* (AdvP) '''AdvP'''
 
==== Adjective Phrase (AdjP) ====
* (AdvP/PP) '''AdjP'''
 
==== Conjunction Phrase (ConjP) ====
* XP/ConjP XP '''Conj'''


== Grammar ==
== Grammar ==

Latest revision as of 19:02, 14 April 2022

Proto-Almaic
Rapa'i
Created byMiguel Bartelsman
Reconstruction ofAlmaic
RegionAlmaic plains; Hassjic mountains
Era5000–3500 a.E. (Lithic)
Lower-order reconstructions

Proto-Almaic is the common ancestor of all the Almaic languages, a family of languages widespread in the Yolder and Ausmiran continents.

Proto-Almaic is estimated to have been spoken from around 5000 to 3500 a.E., and it's original homeland may have been the Almeran plains from which the language derives its name. Its descendant languages include Angaran and Yohari.

Orthography

Letter A a B b C c D d E e F f
Pronunciation /a/, /ã/ [1] /b/ /x/ /d/ /e/, /ẽ/ [1] /f/
Letter G g H h I i K k Kg kg [3] – kk [4]
Pronunciation /g/ /h/, /-/ [2] /i/, /ĩ/ [1] /k/ /k’/ /k’/
Letter L l M m N n Nj nj O o P p
Pronunciation /l/ /m/ /n/, /◌̃/, /N/ [5] /ɲ/ /o/, /õ/ [1] /p/
Letter Pb pb [3] – pp [4] Q q R r S s T t
Pronunciation /p’/ /p’/ /q/ /ʀ/ /s/ /t/
Letter Td td [3] – tt [4] U u V v Z z ' [6]
Pronunciation /t’/ /t’/ /u/, /ũ/ [1] /v/ /z/ /ʔ/

^1 In words that end with ⟨n⟩, the /n/ is dropped and instead the vowels are nasalized.

^2 /h/ is not pronounced in final position, but ⟨h⟩ is preserved as clitics and affixes reveal the sound.

^3 ⟨kg⟩, ⟨td⟩, and ⟨pb⟩ are only used at the start of a word.

^4 ⟨kk⟩, ⟨tt⟩, and ⟨pp⟩ are only used in the middle of a word, so they have no correct capitalized version.

^5 ⟨n⟩ in coda position can be realized a number of ways: as vowel nasalization in final position or before /ʔ/, or as one of [m], [ɱ], [n], [ŋ], [ɴ], assimilating in place of articulation to the following consonant.

^6 ⟨'⟩ has a single representation regardless of location or capitalization.

Stress is predictable from the orthography, so it is not marked. A written word will always be stressed on the second to last syllable if it ends on an open syllable, otherwise stress will fall on the last syllable.

Phonetics

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palat. Velar Uvular Glot.
unv. vce. unv. vce. vce. unv. vce. unv. vce. unv.
Nasal m n ɲ
Ejectives p’ t’ k’
Stops p b t d k g q ʔ
Fricatives f v s z x h
Liquids l ʀ

Vowels

Front Center Back
rnd unr. unr.
Close i ĩ u ũ
Mid e ẽ o õ
Open a ã

Syllable structure

((h)C) V (N)

  • C: a consonant, which may be pre-aspirated word-medially.
  • V: a vowel
  • N: is a nasal consonant with unspecified place of articulation.

Prosody

Stress usually falls on the second to last syllable, unless the word ends in a nasal vowel or preaspirates suffixes, in which case it falls on the last syllable.

Syntax

Proto-Angaric is a specifier-initial, adjunct-mixed, head-final language.

XP → (YP) X'

X' → (ZP) X' or X' (ZP)

X' → (WP) X

Structure rules

Phrase heads are in bold, adjuncts are in gray, optional elements are surrounded by (parentheses) or, if they can be repeated, by {curly braces}

Sentence

  • CP

Complement Phrase (CP)

  • (NP) VP (C)
  • VP NP — Subject backing

Verb Phrase (VP)

  • (NP/DP/CP) (NP/DP/CP) V {PP/AdvP} (Aux)

Noun Phrase (NP)

  • {PP} (PP/AdjP) N {Adj}

Determiner phrase (DP)

  • (NP) D
  • (NP)s (NP)o D — Possessive construction

Postposition Phrase (PP)

  • (NP/DP/CP) PP

Adverb Phrase (AdvP)

  • (AdvP) AdvP

Adjective Phrase (AdjP)

  • (AdvP/PP) AdjP

Conjunction Phrase (ConjP)

  • XP/ConjP XP Conj

Grammar

Pronouns

  • sa – I (1st p. singular)
  • sana – we (1st p. plural inc.)
  • sado – we (1st p. plural excl.)
  • ika – you (2nd p. singular)
  • ikana – you (2nd p. dual)
  • ikado – you (2nd p. plural)
  • go – he/she (3rd p. singular)
  • gona – they (3rd p. dual)
  • godo – they (3rd p. plural)
  • a – it/that (3rd p. singular)
  • ahdo – they/those (3rd p. dual)
  • ahna – they/those (3rd p. plural)
Determiners
Only an indefinite article is used
Number
Marked by particles, three different forms: singular, dual, plural
Tenses
Present, unmarked; past and habitual, regularly marked by affixes; future

Samples

Misc. sentences

“Tenju ohdattali 'e sin”
/ˈte.ɲu oh.daˈt’a.li ʔe sĩ/

tenju oh=dattali 'e sin
mister indf=animal pat see

“The mister sees an animal”

Schleicher's fable

“Ti ohrante, kginja 'e ka hila ohagahi to ohemon 'e sin mo, …”
/ti ohˈʀan.te ˈk’i.ɲa ʔe ka hiˈla o.haˈga.hi to o.heˈmõ ʔe sĩ mo/

ti oh=rante, kginja 'e ka hila oh=agahi to oh=emon 'e sin mo
On indf=hill, wool pat neg have indf=sheep pl indf=horse pat see pst,

“On a hill, a wool have-not sheep saw some horses, …”


“…ahdomi za ohppami godo 'e lanjicipu, …”
/ahˈdo.mi za ohˈp’a.mi ˈgo.do ʔe ˌla.ɲiˈxi.pu/

ahdo=mi za oh=pbami godo 'e lanji=cipu
3p=gen one indf=wagon heavy pat pull=ipfv

“…one of them pulling a heavy wagon, …”


“…zakuna ohdakkenvita onjo 'e dakkencipu, …”
/zaˈku.na ohˌda.k’eɱˈvi.ta ˈo.ɲo ʔe ˌda.k’eŋˈxi.pu/

zakuna oh=dakken-vita onjo 'e dakken=cipu
one:else indf=carry-nz big pat carry=ipfv

“…another carrying a big load, …”


“…o zakuna ohnagoh 'e dakkencipu qasi. …”
/o zaˈku.na ˌoh.naˈgo ʔe ˌda.k’eŋˈxi.pu ˈqa.si/

o zakuna oh=nagoh 'e dakken=cipu qasi
and one:else indf=man pat carry=ipfv fast

“…and another carrying a man fast. …”


“…Agahi emon 'e vanza mo: …”
/aˈga.hi eˈmõ ʔe ˈvan.za mo/

agahi to emon 'e vanza mo
sheep pl horses pat say pst

“…The sheep said to the horses: …”


“…«Sami anke ikado 'e atuza ohnagoh 'e sinsa to emon 'e manttasa.»…”
/ˈsa.mi ˈaŋ.ke iˈkado ʔe aˈtu.za ohˈna.go ʔe ˈsin.sa to ˈe.mõ ʔe manˈt’a.sa/

sa=mi anke ikado 'e atuza oh=nagoh 'e sin-sa to emon 'e mantta-sa
1s=gen heart 2p pat hurt indf=man pat see-ger pl horse pat drive=ger

“…«My soul weeps for you, seeing a man driving horses.»…”


“…To emon vanza mo:…”
/to eˈmõ ˈvan.za mo/

to emon vanza mo
pl horse say pst

“…The horses said: …”


“…«agahi 'e mihe sadomi anke atuza la 'e mahulo sin:…”
/aˈga.hi ʔe ˈmi.he saˈdo.mi ˈaŋ.ke aˈtu.za la ʔe maˈhu.lo sĩ/

agahi 'e mihe sado=mi anke atuza la 'e mahulo sin
sheep pat listen 1px=gen heart hurt det pat when see

“…«Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: …”

On a hill, a sheep that had no wool saw horses, one of them pulling a heavy wagon, one carrying a big load, and one carrying a man quickly. The sheep said to the horses: "My heart pains me, seeing a man driving horses." The horses said: "Listen, sheep, our hearts pain us when we see this: a man, the master, makes the wool of the sheep into a warm garment for himself. And the sheep has no wool." Having heard this, the sheep fled into the plain.