Proto-Dalian: Difference between revisions

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'''Proto-Dalian''' was a language spoken 5000 years ago, being the common ancestor of the [[Dalic languages]], including [[Andalian]].
'''Proto-Dalian''' was a language spoken 5000 years ago, being the common ancestor of the [[Dalic languages]], including [[Andalian]]. Proto-Dalian possessed a writing system, but only few written examples of Proto-Dalian are extant, primarily in stone and bronze, with a few examples of speleography (cave writing). In this article, attested forms are unmarked, while reconstructed forms are marked with an asterisk (*).


==History==
==History==
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| ||{{IPA|m}}|| ||{{IPA|n}}|| ||{{IPA|ŋ}}
| ||{{IPA|m}}|| ||{{IPA|n}}|| ||{{IPA|ŋ}}
|-
|-
!rowspan=2| Stop
!rowspan=3| Stop
! <small>Plain</small>
|{{IPA|p}}||{{IPA|b}}||{{IPA|t}}||{{IPA|d}}||{{IPA|k}}||{{IPA|g}}
|-
! <small>Prenasalised</small>
! <small>Prenasalised</small>
| ||{{IPA|mb}}|| ||{{IPA|nd}}|| ||
|{{IPA|mp}}||{{IPA|mb}}||{{IPA|nt}}||{{IPA|nd}}||{{IPA|ŋk}}||{{IPA|ŋg}}
|-
|-
! <small>Plain</small>
! <small>Aspirated</small>
|{{IPA|p}}||{{IPA|b}}||{{IPA|t}}||{{IPA|d}}||{{IPA|k}}||{{IPA|g}}
|{{IPA|pʰ}}||{{IPA|bʰ}}||{{IPA|tʰ}}||{{IPA|dʰ}}||{{IPA|kʰ}}||{{IPA|gʰ}}
|-
|-
!colspan=2| Fricative
!colspan=2| Fricative
|{{IPA|f}}||{{IPA|v}}||{{IPA|s}}||{{IPA|z}}|| ||{{IPA|h}}
|{{IPA|f}}||{{IPA|v}}||{{IPA|s}}||{{IPA|z}}||{{IPA|h₁}}||{{IPA|h₂}}
|-
|-
!colspan=2| Liquid
!colspan=2| Liquid
| || || ||{{IPA|l r}}|| ||
| || ||{{IPA|ɬ r̥}}||{{IPA|l r}}|| ||
|}
|}


Proto-Dalian has a classic 5 vowel system (a, e, i, o, u) with a length distinction.
'''Vowels''': Proto-Dalian has a classic 5 vowel system (a, e, i, o, u) with a length distinction.
 
===Syllables and stress===
===Romanisation===


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|acc}}
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|acc}}
|no
|no
|ni
|*ni
|nis
|nis
|-
|-
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|dat}} / {{sc|all}}
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|dat}} / {{sc|all}}
|do
|do
|di
|*di
|dis
|*dis
|-
|-
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|gen}} / {{sc|abl}}
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|gen}} / {{sc|abl}}
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!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|loc}} / {{sc|ptv}}
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|loc}} / {{sc|ptv}}
|so
|so
|si
|*si
|sis
|*sis
|-
|-
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|ins}}
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|ins}}
|ro
|*ro
|ri
|*ri
|ris
|*ris
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
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|-
|-
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|nom}}
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|nom}}
|sa
|*sa
|san
|*san
|-
|-
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|acc}}
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|acc}}
|ta
|ta
|tan
|*tan
|-
|-
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|dat}} / {{sc|all}}
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|dat}} / {{sc|all}}
|ga
|ga
|gan
|*gan
|-
|-
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|gen}} / {{sc|abl}}
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|gen}} / {{sc|abl}}
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|-
|-
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|ins}}
!style="text-align:left;"| {{sc|ins}}
|ra
|*ra
|ran
|ran
|}
|}
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==Writing system==
==Writing system==
{{main|Dalian runes}}
{{main|Dalian runes}}
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; border:none;"
|+Consonants
|style="background-color:#fff; border:none;" colspan=2|
!colspan=2|Labial
!colspan=2|Alveolar
!colspan=2|Back
|-
|style="background-color:#fff; border:none;" colspan=2|
!width=40px|<small>-v</small>
!width=40px|<small>+v</small>
!width=40px|<small>-v</small>
!width=40px|<small>+v</small>
!width=40px|<small>-v</small>
!width=40px|<small>+v</small>
|-
!colspan=2| Nasal
| || ᚾ || || ᛁ || || ᛅ
|-
!rowspan=3| Stop
! <small>Plain</small>
| ᚫ || ᛚ || ᚠ || ᚴ || ᚻ || ᚺ
|-
! <small>Prenasalised</small>
| ᚾᚫ || ᚾᛚ || ᛁᚠ || ᛁᚴ || ᛅᚻ || ᛅᚺ
|-
! <small>Aspirated</small>
| ᛚ᛬ || ᛚ᛫ || ᚴ᛬ || ᚴ᛫ || ᚺ᛬ || ᚺ᛫
|-
!colspan=2| Fricative
| ᚭ || ᚿ || ᚥ || ᚢ || ᛬ || ᛫
|-
!colspan=2| Liquid
| || || ᛒ ᛣ || ᚹ ᛉ || ||
|}
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center; border:none;"
|+Vowels
!a
!aː
!e
!eː
!i
!iː
!o
!oː
!u
!uː
|-
|ᛖ
|ᛗ
|ᛋ
|ᛋᛌ
|ᛇ
|ᛇᛌ
|ᛕ
|ᛕᛌ
|ᚷ
|ᚸ
|}


==Example texts==
==Example texts==

Latest revision as of 06:07, 1 June 2019

Proto-Dalian
Created by–
EthnicityDalic peoples
Era5,000 – 3,000 years ago
Dalic
  • Proto-Dalian

Proto-Dalian was a language spoken 5000 years ago, being the common ancestor of the Dalic languages, including Andalian. Proto-Dalian possessed a writing system, but only few written examples of Proto-Dalian are extant, primarily in stone and bronze, with a few examples of speleography (cave writing). In this article, attested forms are unmarked, while reconstructed forms are marked with an asterisk (*).

History

Phonology

Phonemes

Consonants
Labial Alveolar Back
-v +v -v +v -v +v
Nasal m n ŋ
Stop Plain p b t d k g
Prenasalised mp mb nt nd ŋk ŋg
Aspirated pʰ bʰ tʰ dʰ kʰ gʰ
Fricative f v s z h₁ h₂
Liquid ɬ r̥ l r

Vowels: Proto-Dalian has a classic 5 vowel system (a, e, i, o, u) with a length distinction.

Syntax

Phrasal marker and clitics

Phrase structure

Morphology

Nouns

Pronouns

Determiners

Proto-Dalian has a definite article which precedes the noun:

Animate Singular Dual Plural
nom to ti tis
acc no *ni nis
dat / all do *di *dis
gen / abl o i is
loc / ptv so *si *sis
ins *ro *ri *ris
Inanimate Generic Singulative
nom *sa *san
acc ta *tan
dat / all ga *gan
gen / abl va van
loc / ptv na nan
ins *ra ran


Proto-Dalian does not have an indefinite article.

Verbs

Adjectives

Adverbs

Writing system

Main article: Dalian runes
Consonants
Labial Alveolar Back
-v +v -v +v -v +v
Nasal ᚾ ᛁ ᛅ
Stop Plain ᚫ ᛚ ᚠ ᚴ ᚻ ᚺ
Prenasalised ᚾᚫ ᚾᛚ ᛁᚠ ᛁᚴ ᛅᚻ ᛅᚺ
Aspirated ᛚ᛬ ᛚ᛫ ᚴ᛬ ᚴ᛫ ᚺ᛬ ᚺ᛫
Fricative ᚭ ᚿ ᚥ ᚢ ᛬ ᛫
Liquid ᛒ ᛣ ᚹ ᛉ
Vowels
a aː e eː i iː o oː u uː
ᛖ ᛗ ᛋ ᛋᛌ ᛇ ᛇᛌ ᛕ ᛕᛌ ᚷ ᚸ

Example texts

Other resources

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