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==Case== ! colspan=2| Case

*Both subjects and objects of transitive verbs are in the direct case. When used with locative prepositions, it implies location. *The oblique I case is used for subjects of intransitive verbs. When used with locative prepositions, it implies motion towards an o

...ndings. The transitive endings correspond to PIE mi-conjugation, while the intransitive, passive and stative endings correspond to PIE passive endings. '''ABS''' - absolutive case<br />

...basic word order is (Topic) (Ergative Noun) Verb (Absolutive Noun). So in intransitive sentences the word order is either V-S or S-V (if the subject is topicalise ...the word order, however it does mean that the subject takes the absolutive case e.g.

...sons, animals, things, to a time, a place, etc., depending on the context. Case markers establish roles which noun phrases play in a sentence and also mark ...ay as the dual of animate nouns. The number marker always comes before any case markers and behaves either as a suffix or a clitic depending on the class o

...en the topic of the sentence is a core argument of the verb (subject of an intransitive verb, agent or patient of a transitive verb). The indirect base is used whe intransitive, root

...cusative), be appended a personal consonant identifying the subject of the intransitive verb. Verbs with 2 arguments require the argument ''furthest down the canon ...rent meanings expressed via variation in the verb argument's morphological case.

== Case == ...is called "case." PAH nouns, adjectives, and verbal nouns inflected for case. Theoretically, any word order should then have been possible, but PAH ret

...how they {{lg|Role Marking|mark}} the arguments in {{lg|Intransitive Verbs|intransitive}} and transitive verbs. The same can be done between transitive verbs and d ...and {{cyan|'''Recipient'''}}, which gives the same possibility as with the intransitive-transitive relation, subject vs agent & object. Here it is of course Object

...abessive case|abessive case]] ({{sc|aka}} [[caritive case]] or [[privative case]]: 'without') | {{sc|abl}} || [[w:ablative case|ablative case]] ('from')

...he subject of the transitive verb is marked differently, with the ergative case. Nouns are declined by 5 additional cases.. Verbs conjugate for 3 persons,

...omewhat of a catch-all category, with many overlapping meanings, including intransitive counterparts of transitive verbs, middle voice, reflexive, reciprocal, stat ...with all causative exterior forms having a causative interior one (in this case, at least the reflexive and/or reciprocal meaning is present).

...nine and neuter. Each gender has multiple inflectional paradigms governing case-number endings. ...rgone both simplifications and innovations from the original Ando-Valic 13-case system.

b) at the beginning of masculine nouns following the masculine nominative case particle na c) at the beginning of feminine nouns following the feminine absolutive case particle la

...thic distinguishes [[w:Telicity|telic]] from atelic action by means of the case of the [[w:Direct object|direct object]]. The accusative is used for telic Because atelic action uses the genitive, a non-core case, to represent its object, the object cannot take verbal agreement, and thus

...syllable is stressed, so the first syllable receives the secondary stress. Case markers and definite suffixes receive secondary stress too if the last syll ====Case marks====

...use of accents. One example is where an accent determines the declensional case: ''haí'' "eye" and ''hài'' "with one's eyes"; ''sùuðe'' "he/she lies do ...must agree in animacy with all its arguments. All nouns, are declined for case and number. Animate nouns are declined in thirteen grammatical cases, while

...e case marks the agent of a ditransitive verb and the active subject of an intransitive verb ...signals the patient of a ditransitive verb and the inactive subject of an intransitive verb.

...ible and differ in response to discourse and pragmatic concerns. As is the case with many head-marking languages, it is rare to have both an overt subject ...econd-person markers on verbs, require using markers from two (or three in case of some verbs) sets of markers, for a subject and for an object. But when b

Nouns decline for number and case. ====Case====

====Case==== *Absolutive (ABS): Subject of intransitive verbs and direct object of transitive ones

Class 5a nouns take either the prefix mi- or the prefix įh- in the absolutive case and have no prefixes. The absolutive case is used for the subject of transitive verbs, and both the subject and direc

...sative aligned language, and has relatively free word order because of its case-marking, though word order tends towards S-O-V. ...or as modifiers, it is common to see '''ahāmatya''' stand alone, in which case it is thought of as a nominal, with the implication of “(that which is) w

...must conjugate to agree with their subjects in person, number and, in the case of third person subjects, grammatical gender/animacy. This is done through ...y be used in a transitive sentence, a pronoun may be used at the end of an intransitive or reflexive sentence (even as this might break the usual VSO word order).

PAn had the following proclitic case-markers: '''na''' for ergative, '''ta''' for accusative, and '''a''' for di ...(I). The system of triggers indicate which element will be in the ‘direct’ case (D). Other elements revert to their original cases. In the Local and Instru

| Case = Yes ===Case system===

...'''Eḥeiθymme''' has strict V2 word order despite the presence of extensive case marking. ...and the suffix '''-umma''', which morphs to '''-ymmē''' in the absolutive case, and '''amran''' is the imperfective verbal form from the root '''M-R-N'''

...ion or state and can make up a clause by themselves. This is often not the case with non-finite verb forms, which rarely make up a clause by themselves and ...cative object by an noun phrase in the absolutive case (since the locative case is only used with place nouns):

===Case=== ...rder is Possessed - Possessor, with the Possessor marked with the genitive case e.g.

| issue = got infected with a nasty case of ''topic-comment'' grammar, and needs to be treated accordingly. ...s likely that they once only differed in length, but such is no longer the case.

The following are suffixes. These come after the fusional case/aspect marker. ====Intransitive Verbs====

....g. ''keyka-'' "is seen". The subject of patient focus verb is in the Abs. case and there can be no direct object. ...stated, e.g. ''keri-'' "rule". The subject of the verb is in the ergative case and the direct object in the absolutive.

...el. For example: ''*keéčü'' "spruce" became ''*keečǘ-däx'' in the genitive case. The tone became no longer distinguished by Middle Proto-Carpathian, but it ...eight cases were proposed. Adjectives agreed with their nouns according to case and number just like in modern descendants, which may be an innovation, inf

====Case==== ! case

Pronouns, nouns, adjectives, and certain numerals decline (for case, number and often gender), while verbs conjugate for person and tense. The ...ages|Finio-Dhannic languages]]. Certain words appear to preserve a seventh case - the instrumental - but it is extremely rare to encounter this form in mod

...ated within the same affix, often fused completely to the root (usually in case of nouns). Sometimes nouns are inflected for animacy (either animate or ina ...some (like ''unuara'' "to sleep") belong only to one type (in this case - intransitive, but technically it can be turned into transitive with a causative suffix:

...positions can be attached, whose meanings may change depending on the used case. The suffixes and their conjunction with the postposition ''s'' 'in' are sh ...can be build. The status constructus of the nominative corresponds to the case genitive, the use of status constructi of the local cases will be discussed

..., or case (with the exception being the construct state case marker). Core case relations are expressed by strict word order of the core noun arguments, wi ==== Case ====

...ve and intransitive) evolved into seven (all of which can be transitive or intransitive in certain contexts), aided by a rigorous pattern of ablaut of verb prefixe ...ng vowels, while the short vowels have altered in quality. However, in the case of short and long historical */ɔ/, most speakers have merged them to /ɑ/;

...the core arguments, illustrating the two-way distinction in the subject of intransitive clauses.|240px]] ...[w:volition (linguistics)|volition]] with the arguments. Depending on the intransitive verb, different cases would be used.

...for example [aːi], an epenthetic [ŋ] appears to break this hiatus, in this case, becoming [aːŋi]. <br> Consonants can be geminated, but in this case, they should be pronounced as if there were two of them.

...are shifting /ç/ to /ɬ/ are especially prone to do so in clusters. In this case, they shift /kç/ to a lateral affricate /tɬ/. ...re possible) of the following consonant (or with a glottal stop [ʔ] in the case of word final syllables). For example, the first syllable of "Seggeynni" ha

...d a significant impact on the Ín Duári lexicon. Moreover, while it is the case that the Nidâri noun class system has been reduced to four classes, as opp Nouns inflect for gender, number and case. The original Proto-Duaric gender system consisted of at least eight noun

...front and back vowels. This “weak” vowel harmony is most prominent in the case-inflection of nouns. Surprisingly, the central open vowel /a/ often agrees ...with the final vowel in the word stem with the exception of the possessive case, which only does so partially. There is an opposition between front ('''e''

.... This is, of course, highly unlikely, and many experts consider it just a case of folk etymology. The origin of the root of the name is unknown, although ...ectival prefix '''i-''' to form adjectives from nouns and pronouns. In the case of pronouns they serve to create the possessive adjectives for each person.

...is not unusual to see several vowels next to each other in a word. In that case each vowel is a syllable, '''poua''' [pow.a], '''reia''' [ɾej.a]. ==== Intransitive ====

...(linguistics)|derivation]], as here, it is not affected by [[inflection]] (case on nouns, tense on verbs, etc.). So, for example, the verb ''lu'' ("to be") In this case, the adjective ''sìltsan(a)'' (good) will need to stay with the noun ''trr

* No case, Welsh grammar The article inflects and triggers mutation based on number, case and gender.

...st consonant usually assimilates to the second. but this is not always the case. Here, in the table below the most common assimilation types are shown. The ...stic unit that cannot be broken up in any way, while clitics (such as noun case clitics) are grammatical words, because they can be separated from the ling

...the accusative - the patientive and the locative - the indirect or oblique case (locative has also the function of dative and marks an indirect object of a |+ Case suffixes

...ncipal parts, of which there are three: the first-person singular (in this case, ''sprek''), the neuter third-person singular (''sprich'') and either the i ...inly verbs with separable prefixes) take the second object in the genitive case.

...pparent in its complex verb forms. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split-intransitive of the Fluid-S subtype. Agents are explicitly marked while patients receiv ==== Case ====

*Unprefixed, ablauting verbs: e.g. ''soṁaiṁ'' /somai̯m/ 'he finds (intransitive)', ''ía·soṁa'' /iːəˈsoma/ 'he does not find' (modern ''sov'') In case where there is a preverb, the first syllable after the interpunct is stress

...milar to English, being satellite-framed (the satellite, in the Chlouvānem case, being the prefix), but there is an added complexity because motion verbs c ...n-causative) forms of these verbs all have a static meaning and are always intransitive:

...ement with the subject noun. However, there is no marking for class in the case of the passive voice. The prefixes are the same as for nouns, but there is ...or from simple hearsay. Verbs are also not marked for evidentiality in the case of questions or irrealis.

Pronouns are marked for case, class, and number. ...y informal speech, these possessive pronouns are also used as ergative and intransitive pronouns.

...arking. The attributive form is etymologically derived from the construct case, although some irregularities, principally in the vowel preceding the ''-n' ...rm of their case endings, as well as adjectives, which must agree with the case and number of their noun head.

...nd the maximal structure is CrVCC, where V may be either long or short. In case the following syllable begins with a consonant, the resulting cluster is si ...enitive}}–{{sc|mood}}–{{sc|plural}}–[Content word]–{{sc|applicative}}–{{sc|case}}–[[Tsan#Grammatical gender|{{sc|gender}}]]–[[Tsan#Core affixes|{{sc|co

...ted by the fact that the majority of Oronaic basic lexicon (including many intransitive verbs as well as some kinship terms) from neighbouring Indo-European langua *case system in nouns (Carpathian also declines its adjectives); cases are marked

...south. some degree of ergativity is a continent-wide areal feature. In the case of Kämpya, the English possessive 's began to be used to mark ergative sub Using a separate verb for locational predication (in the case of Kämpya /éʔ/, which is cognate to English "at") is an areal feature of

...s the correct meaning which is lost in an alphabetical order, e.g., in the case "27. bark" (originally without the specification here added). # to turn (intransitive)

...a hiatus). In the romanization an apostrophe is used to indicate hiatus in case of ambiguity. Ancient Raunan nouns are inflected for number (singular vs plural) and case. Nominal inflection is mostly regular, with inflectional paradigms dependin

...'', ''*-ān'' of the instrumental singular in ā-stem nouns, the intrumental case for the predicate of the existential copula. ...cusative, instrumental, locative, and vocative (pronouns lack the vocative case).

...Haratqin) is an aɡɡlutinative, polysynthetic, VSOX lanɡuaɡe with a split-intransitive morphosyntax. It is a lanɡuaɡe isolate with no attested conɡeners. Any r | Case || Abbreviation||Suffix || Functions

...kind of noun or are related to a certain semantic field (e.g. the aversive case being linked to verbs of fear or of avoidance). ...vowel if the word starts in a CV= syllable or after the first consonant in case of a VC= syllable). Nouns which don't usually receive a stative marker take

...t was when the voiceless stop was immediately preceded by an /s/, in which case it was never aspirated, though the /s/ was lost e.g. /tɔp/ - "stop" (compa ...curred when two (or more) aspirated consonants occurred in a word, in this case Grassman's Law applied, and all but the last lost their aspiration e.g. /pw

...cluster that occurs word-finally simplifies in old words, this is not the case with newly created words and word compounds. Palatalization of the sound /t ...marked as obviative. In some situations, like when a sentence contains an intransitive verb, obviative marking is omitted. This is also true of sentences with onl

===Case=== .... Core valency is the minimum number of arguments a verb must take. Each case has a core use, defined by the first half of its name, and a non-core use,

...ology. The template for nouns is: Root - [Possessive Suffix] - [Plural] - [Case Suffix] ===Case===

...e case /n&#690;i/ etc. It did have one extra case, an alienable possessive case marked with the postposition /wei/ (/no/ was used exclusively for inalienab However, major changes occurred to the case system. Firstly, /no/ and /wei/ stopped being interpreted as postpositions

...rb itself with some modifications. The modification is depended upon which case one would use with the postposition ...lause one simply puts the noun infront of the participle in postpositional case, similar to "The '''man''' eating woman".

Nouns are marked for number, case, and possession by particles before the noun as follows. *Case and number/definiteness marking are optional in non-formal speech, and on n

...terms of affixes for determining syntactic relations. Nouns do not receive case or number marking, nor are they marked for gender. Word order within the [ # In intransitive clauses, the copula marks the single core argument with the Direct forms on

*Affixes, such as the imperfective ''p-'', the intransitive ''m-'', intensive ''tʲʰ-'' the optative ''t-'' and ''k-'', as well as, in ...ls, which were later lost. Nouns did not decline for case either, whatever case system its Klesuic ancestor had possessed, Proto-Lámeyi lost it during its

===== Case ===== ! case !! singular !! dual !! paucal !! collective !! plural

* only ''n'' or ''m'' before a consonant, except in the case of geminates ===Case===

...ljē, noljek, enilja)</small>; exterior forms are transitive, interior ones intransitive. |wrd202=plain locative case; ''na(ñ)-'', ''gin-'' (verbal prefixes)

...necessary) to have for determiners and pronouns that are differentiated by case in writing. === Case ===

Nouns and adjectives inflect by number, case and have two forms (or states): ...tane'' "indirect" (or [[w:Dative case|dative]] and ''eilėke'' [[w:Vocative case|vocative]];

...thout a fused prefix གཆེལེ ''gchele'' [ˈt͡ʃʰe.lə] “to spread” which was an intransitive verb “to spread out”, but became ambitransitive – a characteristic fe ...onant followed by a vowel '''PV_p''' or '''SV_s''' (in case of prefixes and suffixes respectively). Only root vowels could carry vowel

...e according to noun '''class''' (also called gender), '''number''', and '''case'''. There are four '''classes''', each declining for either three or two '' ...formality (second person only) and class (third person only). The vocative case only exists in the second person.

| [[w:Locative case|locative]] (in, at, from) | change, turn into ([[w:Translative case|translative]])

| A case of composite sandhi occurs when the application of an external sandhi rule Nominal roots are marked for grammatical case, deixis (relative locativity and lativity), definiteness and number or quan

...ay arise sporadically from their voiceless counterparts (uvular /χ/ in the case of pharyngeal /ʕ/) in the vecinity of other voiced consonants (as in PRH < <p>Middle Ru nouns may inflect for case, noun class and number. Declension paradigms also depend on the vowel-harmo

...inct entities. Nouns are inflected for number, possessor, demonstration or case. ...al suffix(es) + number suffix + possessive suffix + demonstrative suffix + case suffix

# Type II - Case Manipulation: a noun (usually a Patient, although Instrumental and Locative ...y body parts, and does not alter valence, which by nature involves Type II case manipulation (Ribeiro 2001). Chukchi freely employs Type II NI to alter arg

Personal pronouns inflect for number, case, and (in the third person) gender. * The '''nominative case''' is the default form and typically serves as the subject of a verb.

! rowspan="2"| Case !! colspan="2"|Singular !! Dual !! colspan="2"|Plural ! rowspan="2"| Case !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural

...s from both types like an extensive use of suffix agglutination as well as case and personal endings, that "fuse" with a word stem. Despite showing [[w:Inc ...ogy treated an agent of a transitive verb differently from a subject of an intransitive one. Nowadays this is considered an archaic feature and can rarely be used

...ed by the fabulous array of cases exhibited, say, by the Finnish. In fact, case is blindingly simple. ...sessive or genitive (Gen.), and Vocative (Voc.). The subject or nominative case, however, has two categories-- "agentive" (A) and "experiential" (E).

Nouns are marked for case, portion, and definiteness/number. The genitive case is affixed as if accusative, and in words with modifiable tone is marked wi

...verb. The object is deleted, and the subject is declined in the absolutive case. The Antipassive decreases the valency of the verb by one. Expresses that a verb has one subject and no objects. A monovalent verb is intransitive because it has one “object” or subject.

Case endings are unstressed. ! Case !! Usage !! Ending !! Notes

...a number of features with English. These include prepositions, absence of case marking on nouns, adjectives and numerals preceding nouns, but relative cla * /çʷ/ and /xʷ/ -> /cʷ/ (in this case, the resulting /cʷ/ does not pattern as a strong consonant)

* only ''n'' or ''m'' before a consonant, except in the case of geminates ...nly one syllable the final vowel sometimes remains, forming a glide in the case of ''i'' or ''u'' e.g. ''bigi'' 'eye' + ''uz'' 'water' = ''bigyuz'' 'tear'.

...owels except when after another ''i'' or before a stressed ''i'', in which case it is not written. Otherwise written ''y''. **Usually used with intransitive verbs.

Peshpeg nouns are highly inflected, making distinctions in gender, animacy, case, and number. These distinctions are marked by suffixes that show agglutina #Take no marking for case or number.

Common has isolating tendencies. It prefers an SVO word order but uses case marking on its mandatory articles and has relatively free phrase order. It ...mon language, but Trafalgar, for one, clearly doubts this was actually the case. They seem to think that Davidson gave Common some attributes designed to m

...n exterior and “to be born” when interior - commonly, the interior has the intransitive meaning and the exterior the transitive one - cf. ''lęlširu'' "I shake" v ...''), each one putting one of seven different core elements as the ''direct-case argument'', usually for means of topicalization or definiteness; they refle

...hmi(zoneyh phe) where the second '|' has been left out. Mid-sentence upper case letters can be marked with a line under the letter. With Latin script of co ...th prepositions and affixes. Instead of joining words together, possessive case is often used: 'gekhu donbor' for 'house of books' meaning 'library' (not '