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===Introduction===


<!--  
Thulean is the sole surviving member of the Insular branch of the Hercynian language family. It has an estimated 33 million speakers. The language is agglutinative and polysynthetic with an active-stative morphosyntax of the fluid-S subtype. It is written using the Latin alphabet as is universal amongst Western European languages.


This is a short reminder of the language format policy.
===Phonology===


I. Write a short piece stating your intents and purposes when creating the language (Design goal, inspiration, ideas, and so on).
A) PHONEME INVENTORY
II. Write a short introduction to your language. (Who speaks it? When was it created? By whom? or what? are some example questions that can be answered here)
III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.


-->
1) CONSONANTS


==Introduction==
NASAL:


===Description===
-fortis: /mb, nd, Ng/
The Thulean language (endonym: Minigkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families have been made in the past. Also, of course, not unexpectedly, there are the wild claims of a relationship between Thulean and the usual suspects of Sumerian, Etruscan or Basque. It is spoken by the Silhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.


===The Thurse===
-lenis: /m, n, N/


Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny among both sexes are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Tilku) the westernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.
LIQUID:


===Influences===
-fortis: /rd, ld/


The phonology was initially inspired by the phonaesthetics of Finnish and Quenya (the Vanyarin dialect specifically) but soon followed its own trajectory to become its own thing. Also, the Samic languages have left their mark on Thulean's system of consonant gradation. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.
-lenis: /r, l/


===Goals===
PLOSIVE:


My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too complex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.
-fortis: /pp, tt, kk/


-lenis: /p, t, k/


FRICATIVE:


<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
-fortis: /ss, xx/
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:


Vowel inventory
-lenis: /s, x/
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation


-->
APPROXIMANT: /v, D, j/


==Phonology==
2) VOWELS
===Orthography===
1) Thulean is written in the Latin script. The spelling is primarily phonemic but will change to indicate the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:


a) MONOPHTHONGS: /i, u, a/


a) Consonants
b) DIPHTHONGS: /@U, OI, aI, aU/


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
B) ALLOPHONES
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! rowspan="2"| Dental !! colspan="2"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Retroflex !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4"| Sonorant !! rowspan="2"| Nasal !! Fortis
| mm || || nn || || nnr || ggj || gg || ggw || rowspan="5"|
|-
! Lenis
| m || || n || || nr || gj || g || gw
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid !! Fortis
| || || rr || ll || llr || llj || colspan="2"|
|-
! Lenis
| || || r || l || lr || lj || colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
| pp || || tt || ttl || ttr || kkj || kk || kkw
|-
! Lenis
| p || || t || tl || tr || kj || k || kw || x
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
| || þþ || ss || ssl || ssr || qqj || qq || qqw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Lenis
| || þ || s || sl || sr || qj || q || qw
|-
! colspan="3"| Approximant
| v || colspan="3"| || || j || h || w
|}


b) Vowels —Monophthongs
1) /N/ is realised as [g] in word-initial position and in onset position following a coda consonant.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Low
| colspan="2"| a
|}


c) Vowels —Diphthongs
2) All fortis obstruents are realised as lenis plosives in intervocalic position.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! Rising
| ia
| ua
|-
!Low Falling
| ai
| au
|-
!High Falling
| ui
| iu
|}


2) Coda /n`/ is written as "n", coda /J/ is written as "g".
3) All lenis plosives and /s/ are voiced in intervocalic position.


3) Coda /l`/ and coda /L/ are both written as "l".
4) /x/ is realised as [Z] in intervocalic position.


4) The glottal stop is not written in word-initial position.
5) /D/ is realised as [T] in word-final position.


5) Thulean uses Arabic numerals to represent numbers.
6) /i, u/ are realised as [E, O] when preceding a liquid coda or fortis liquid.


===Consonants===
7) /i, u/ are reslised as [E, O] when adjacent to /v, j/.


Thulean has 53 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:
C) ORTHOGRAPHY


"a" = /a/


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
"ai" = /aI/


!  rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
"au" = /aU/
!  rowspan="2"| Labial
! rowspan="2"| Dental
!  colspan="2"| Alveolar
!  rowspan="2"| Retroflex
!  rowspan="2"| Palatal
!  colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
!  |Central
!  |Lateral
!  |Plain
!  |Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! rowspan="2"| Nasal
! Fortis
| /mb/
|
| /nd/
|
| /ɳɖʐ/
| /ɲʥ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋg<sup>w</sup>/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /m/
|
| /n/
|
| /ɳ/
| /ɲ/
|  /ŋ/
| /ŋ<sup>w</sup>/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid
! Fortis
|
|
| /rd/
| /ld/
| /ɭɖʐ/
| /ʎʥ/
|
|
|
|-
! Lenis
|
|
| /r/
| /l/
| /ɭ/
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
! Fortis
|  /pp/
|
| /tt/
| /ttɬ/
| /ʈʈʂ/
| /tʨ/
| /kk/
| /kk<sup>w</sup>/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /p/
|
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /ʈʂ/
| /ʨ/
| /k/
| /k<sup>w</sup>/
| /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
! Fortis
|
|  /θθ/
|  /ss/
|  /ɬɬ/
|  /ʂʂ/
|  /ɕɕ/
| /xx/
| /xx<sup>w</sup>/
|
|-
! Lenis
|
|  /θ/
|  /s/
|  /ɬ/
|  /ʂ/
|  /ɕ/
| /x/
| /x<sup>w</sup>/
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Approximant
| /v/
|
|
|
|
| /j/
| /h/
| /w/
|
|}


===Vowels===
"g" = /N/


Thulean phonology recognises 3 monophthongs and 6 diphthongs. According to WALS the rising diphthongs count as additional vowel qualities which gives a total of 5 vowels. WALS considers this an average inventory. Thus the consonant to vowel ratio is 10.6 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:
"gg" = /Ng/


====Monophthongs====
"h" = /x/
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! High
| /i/
| /u/
|-
! Low
| colspan="2"| /a/
|}


====Diphthongs====
"hh" = /xx/
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! Rising
| /ɛ:/
| /ɔ:/
|-
!Low Falling
| /aɪ/
| /aʊ/
|-
!High Falling
| /ɔɪ/
| /əʊ/
|}


===Allophony===
"i" = /i/


1) Nasals are realised as their corresponding voiced stop when following a liquid coda.
"iu" = /@U/


2) /ɳ/ is realised as [ɖʐ] in onset position.
"j" = /j/


3) /N/ is realised as [g] in word-initial position.
"k" = /k/


4) /ŋʷ/ is realised as [gʷ] in word-initial position.
"kk" = /kk/


5) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.
"l" = /l/


6) All lenis stops, but not the glottal stop, are aspirated in word-initial position.
"ll" = /ld/


7) /p, t, tɬ, tʂ, tɕ, k, kʷ,  θ, s, ɬ, ʂ, ɕ, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.
"m" = /m/


8) /x/ is realised as [ɕ] in coda position.
"mm" = /mb/


9) /i/ is realised as [E] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.
"n" = /n/


10) /i/ is realised as [E] after a /j/ onset.
"nn" = /nd/


11) /u/ is realised as [ɔ] before a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda.
"p" = /p/


12) /u/ is realised as [O] after a /w/ onset.
"pp" = /pp/


===Prosody===
"q" = /D/
====Stress====
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation.


====Intonation====
"r" = /r/
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.


===Phonotactics===
"rr" = /rd/
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).


2) Permitted syllable codas:
"s" = /s/


a) Morpheme-medial only: /ɳ, ɲ, ŋ, r, l, ɭ, ʎ, p, s/
"ss" = /ss/


b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, θ, x/
"t" = /t/


3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.
"tt" = /tt/


4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.
"u" = /u/


5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.
"ui" = /OI/


6) Consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.
"v" = /v/


7) But suffixes may begin with a consonant cluster.
Historical note: /D/ was originally written with "þ". However, when printing was introduced to Thule, no type was available for that letter so "q" was substituted instead.


8) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:
The spelling of Thulean is generally phonemic except that the effects of consonant gradation and sandhi are indicated.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
D) PROSODY
!
! m
! ɲ
! ŋ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʨ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! θ
! s
! ɕ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! n
| colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || nθ ||ns || colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! ɲ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʨ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ɲɕ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! ŋ
| colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"| || ŋk || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
|-
! r
| rm || rɲ || rŋ ||  rp || rt || rtɬ || rʨ || rk || rkʷ || rʔ || rθ ||rs || rɕ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
|-
! l
| lm || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lŋ  || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| ||  lk || lkʷ|| lʔ || lθ || ls || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
|-
! ʎ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʨ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ʎɕ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! p
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || pθ|| ps || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| ||tθ || ts || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! k
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || kθ ||ks|| colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! θ
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || θp|| θt || θtɬ || θʨ || θk || θkʷ || θʔ ||colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! s
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʨ || sk || skʷ || sʔ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! x
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʨ || xk || xkʷ || xʔ|| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|}


9) High vowels may not occur before a liquid coda.
Thulean has fixed initial primary stress. Secondary stress falls on every alternate syllable following the primary stress. Rhythm type is trochaic.


10) /i/ may not occur after an onset of /j/.
E) PHONOTACTICS


11) /u/ may not occur after an onset of /w/.
1) The syllable template is (C)V(C).


12) Diphthongs may only occur within a root or in monosyllabic particles.
2) Consonant clusters only occur at syllable boundaries.


13) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.
3) Permitted consonant clusters:


14) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.
a) /m/ + /p/


15) Diphthongs may not precede /j, w/.
b) /n/ + /t, s/


===Morphophonology===
c) /N/ + /k, x/
===Consonant Gradation===


1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:
d) /r/ + /m, N, p, t, k, s, x, v, j/


a) Fortis consonants
e) /l/ + /m, N, p, t, k, s, x, v, j/


b) Lenis stops following a sonorant coda or a vowel
f) /p, t, k/ + /s/


2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.
g) /s/ + /p, t, k/


3) Consonant gradation proceeds as per the tables below:
4) Permitted word-final codas: /m, n, t, k, s, D/


5) Vowels in hiatus do not occur.


a) Fortis consonants, and lenis stops following a liquid coda or a vowel:
6) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable, before a fortis consonant or before /P, j/.


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
F) SANDHI
! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
|-
| mb || m || style = "background: silver" rowspan="8" |
|-
| nd || n
|-
| ɲʥ || ɲ
|-
| ŋg || ŋ
|-
| ŋgʷ || ŋʷ
|-
| rd || r
|-
| ld || l
|-
| ʎʥ || ʎ
|-
| pp || p || v
|-
| tt || t || r
|-
| ttɬ || tɬ || l
|-
| tʨ || ʨ || j
|-
| kk || k || h
|-
| kkʷ || kʷ || w
|-
| θθ || θ ||  style = "background: silver" rowspan="6" |
|-
| ss || s
|-
| ɬɬ || ɬ
|-
| ɕɕ || ɕ
|-
| xx || x
|-
| xxʷ || xʷ
|}


1) Sandhi occurs at morpheme boundaries as a result of suffixation.


b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
2) The resulting sandhi transformations are as follows:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II
|-
| mp || mb
|-
| nt || nd
|-
| ntɬ || ld
|-
| ɲʨ || ɲʥ
|-
| ŋk || ŋg
|-
| ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
|}


a) /m, n, N/ + /m, n, N/ > [mb, nd, Ng]


b) /m, n, N/ + /r/ > [rd, rd, rd]


4) Consonant gradation occurs after /i/ epenthesis and metathesis from sandhi but before sandhi proper.
c) /m, n, N/ + /l/ > [ld, ld, ld]


===Sandhi===
d) /m, n, N/ + /v, D, j/ > [mb, nd, Ng]


1) In Thulean, sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.
e) /m, N/ + /t, s/ > [nt, ns]


2) An epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the following types of epenthetic clusters:
f) /m, n/ + /k, x/ > [Nk, Nx]


a) morpheme coda + fortis consonant
g) /n, N/ + /p/ > [mp]


b) morpheme coda + consonant cluster
h) /r, l/ + /n/ > [nd]


3) If a prefix ends in a consonant then an epenthetic /i/ is inserted between the prefix and the following root.
i) /r, l/ + /r, l/ > [rd, ld]


4) All other sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:
j) /r, l/ + /D/ > [rd, ld]


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
k) /p, t, k/ + /p, t, k/ > [pp, tt, kk]
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʨ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ɕ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| nd || rowspan ="2"| ɲʥ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rm || rowspan ="2"| lm || rowspan ="2"| ʎɲ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʨ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| nθ || rowspan ="2"| ɲɕ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
|-
! n
| nʔ
|-
! t  
| colspan = "2" | nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʨ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʨ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʨ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʨ || tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʨ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
|-
! k
| colspan = "2" | ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
|-
! x
| colspan = "2" | ŋx || nɕ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎɕ || ɕp || ɕt || ɕtɬ || ɕʨ || ɕk || ɕkʷ || xʔ || ss || ɬɬ || ɕɕ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ɕ || xx || xʷ
|}


l) /p, t, k, s/ + /v/ > [ps, ts, ks, ss]


4) If owing to suffixation a high vowel should precede a fortis liquid onset or a liquid coda then it is lowered to its corresponding low vowel.
m) /p, t, k, s/ + /D/ > [ps, ts, ks, ss]


==Morphology==
n) /p, t, k, s/ + /j/ > [ps, ts, ks, ss]
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->


<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
G) CONSONANT GRADATION


Nouns
1) This process affects fortis consonants and lenis plosives following a nasal, liquid or vowel.
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology


-->
2) It is triggered if the consonants in question form the onset of a closed syllable due to suffixation.


===General Notes===
3) The gradation sequences are as follows:


Thulean morphology has the following constituents:
a) /mp/ > /mb/ > /m/


1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.
b) /nt/ > /nd/ > /n/


2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.
c) /Nk/ > /Ng/ > /N/


3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.
d) /rp/ > /rP/


4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.
e) /rt/ > /rd/ > /r/


===Nominal Morphology===
f) /rk/ > /rj/
===Nominal Structure===
1) Noun template:


case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s)+ number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix
g) /lp/ > /lP/


2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.
h) /lt/ > /ld/ > /ll/


3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.
i) /lk/ > /lj/


===Cases===
j) /pp/ > /p/ > /P/
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
|-
! Case
! Prefix
! Function
! Examples
|-
!Absolutive
| Ø-
|
*Marks the nominal citation form
*Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Ergative
| qa-
|
*Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
|
|-
! Instrumental
| ki-
|
*Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
*Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
*Marks direct causal arguments
*Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Locative
| jet-
|
*Indicates location or place
*Indicates time, event, or occasion
*Marks the locative comitative
*Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
|
|- 
! Allative
| nu-
|
*Indicates direction, goal, or destination
*Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
*Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
*Marks the beneficiary of an action
*Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
|
|-
! Ablative
| pik-
|
*Indicates motion away from
*Indicates origin
*Indicates distance from a reference point
*Indicates time since an event occurred
*Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
*Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
*Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
|
|- 
! Perlative
| me-
|
*Indicates motion through, across or along
*Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
*Indicates duration
*Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
*Marks indirect causal arguments
*Encodes distributive functions
|
|-
! Equative
| sin-
|
*Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
*Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
*Marks ordinality in numerals
*Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
|
|}


<!--
k) /tt/ > /t/ > /D/
1) Case prefixes:


ABS(olutive): Ø-
l) /kk/ > /k/ > /j/


NOM(inative): a-
m) /ss/ > /s/


INST(rumental): ki-
n) /xx/ > /x/


LOC(ative): jet-


ALL(ative): nu-


ABL(ative): pik-
[[Category:Sketchlangs]]
 
PER(lative): me-
 
EQU(ative): sin-
 
 
2) Case Functions:
 
a) Absolutive Case:
 
i) Marks the citation form of a noun.
 
ii) Marks the O argument of a transitive verb.
 
iii) Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb.
 
iv) Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb.
 
b) Nominative Case:
 
i) Marks the A argument of a transitive verb.
 
ii) Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb.
 
iii) Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
 
c) Instrumental Case:
 
i) Marks the use of an instrument or tool.
 
ii) Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection if the S argument is stative.
 
iii) Marks direct causation.
 
iv) Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb.
 
d) Locative Case:
 
i) Marks location or place.
 
ii) Marks occasion, time or event.
 
iii) Marks the locative comitative.
 
iv) Marks the infinite form of the verb in periphrastic constructions.
 
e) Allative Case:
 
i)Marks destination or motion towards.
 
ii) Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection if the S argument is active.
 
iii) Marks terminative relations (up to, until, as far as) spatially and temporarally.
 
iv) Marks benefactive relations (for, on behalf of).
 
f) Ablative Case:
 
i) Marks origin or motion away from.
 
ii) Marks distance from, time since.
 
iii) Marks the focus of intransitive verbs of opposition or repulsion.
 
iv) Marks aversive functions (for fear of, lest, in case of).
 
g) Perlative Case:
 
i) Marks motion through, across or along.
 
ii) Marks duration.
 
iii) Marks path, means or mode of transport or transmission.
 
iv) Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative.
 
v) Marks indirection causation.
 
h) Equative Case:
 
i) Marks similarity in manner, likeness or composition.
 
ii) Marks comparative functions (as, than).
 
iii) Marks topical functions (re, regarding, concerning, about, as for).
 
===Postbases===
 
Postbases are covered on their own section.
-->
 
===Number===
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.
 
2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:
 
a) singular-plural
 
b) collective-singulative
 
3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:
 
SG: kattu = cat
 
PL: katut = cats
 
4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:
 
COL: makku = pigs
 
SGV: makux = pig
 
5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:
 
COL: ninta = water
 
SGV: ninnax = a drop or sip of water
 
6) Number suffixes:
 
a) After vowel:
 
PL: -t
 
SGV: -x
 
b) After consonant or before suffix:
 
PL: -ta
 
SGV: -xe
 
===Possession===
1) Pronominal Possession:
 
This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:
 
1SG: -nni
 
2SG: -kki
 
3SG ANIM: -tti
 
3SG INAN: -mmi
 
4SG ANIM: -lli
 
4SG INAN: -ssi
 
1PL EXCL: -nnu
 
1PL INCL: -ppu
 
2PL: -kku
 
3PL ANIM: -ttu
 
3PL INAN: -mmu
 
4PL ANIM: -llu
 
4PL INAN: -ssu
 
EG:
 
a)
 
tlannatti
 
= her children
 
b)
 
tlannaxeppu
 
= our child
 
2) Nominal Possession:
 
This is indicated by the following construction:
 
NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.
 
EG:
 
akimeq katutti = the woman's cat
 
a-kimeq kattu-tti
 
ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS
 
===The Indefinite===
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.
 
EG:
 
jelelli = a valley
 
2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.
 
EG:
 
a)
 
pikiselhat telli
 
= any one of the people
 
pik-selka-t tin-li
 
ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF
 
b)
 
pikiselhat tatli
 
= any of the people
 
pik-selka-t tak-li
 
ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF
 
===Demonstratives ===
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:
 
a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.
 
b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.
 
c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.
 
d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.
 
2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:
 
PROX CIT: -ksi
 
DIST CIT: -psu
 
PROX ULT: -tje
 
DIST ULT: -nja
 
3) Examples:
 
a)
 
janahiksi = this man
 
b)
 
qavantje
= yon apples that are in sight
 
===Gender===
 
1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.
 
2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.
 
3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.
 
4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.
 
EG:
 
a)
 
paþanti kattu
 
= the pretty cat
 
paþþa-nti Ø-kattu
 
be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat
 
b)
 
helhammu ninta
 
= the hot water
 
helka-mmu Ø-ninta
 
be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water
 
===Pronouns===
1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.
 
2) Personal Pronouns:
 
a) These are listed as follows, absolutive (other cases):
 
1SG: nini (inni)
 
2SG: kiki (ikki)
 
3SG ANIM: titi (itti)
 
3SG INAN: mimi (immi)
 
4SG ANIM: liri (illi)
 
4SG INAN: sisi (issi)
 
1PL EXCL: nunu (unnu)
 
1PL INCL: pupu (uppu)
 
2PL: kuku (ukku)
 
3PL ANIM: tutu (uttu)
 
3PL INAN: mumu (ummu)
 
4PL ANIM: luru (ullu)
 
4PL INAN: susu (ussu)
 
b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.
 
EG:
 
paþanti tin
 
= the pretty one
 
paþþa-nti tin
 
be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON
 
c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.
 
EG:
 
mukxalla
 
= big things
 
muk-halla
 
3PL.INAN.PRON-big
 
d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".
 
e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.
 
IE: we but not you.
 
f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.
 
IE: we and you.
 
3) Indefinite Pronouns:
 
a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.
 
b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.
 
EG:
 
melli = anything
 
c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.
 
EG:
 
i)
 
pikijanat telli
 
= anyone of the men
 
pik-janak-t tin-li
 
ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF
 
ii)
 
pikiqavan mutli
 
= any of the apples
 
pik-qavan muk-li
 
ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF
 
4) Reflexive Pronouns:
 
a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.
 
b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.
 
EG:
 
i)
 
temmaiserittu
 
= he misleads himself
 
ten-maiset-ttu
 
3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS
 
VS
 
temmaiserelku
 
= he misleads him
 
ten-maiset-lku
 
3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS
 
ii)
 
tigki xinnunti
 
= he sees himself
 
tin-ki xintu-nti
 
3SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS
 
VS
 
ligki xinnunti
 
= he sees him
 
lin-ki xintu-nti
 
4SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS
 
iii)
 
qavagxente tenqarxansi
 
= she eats her own apple
 
Ø-qavan-xe-nte ten-qarxa-nsi
 
ABS-apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS
 
VS
 
qavagxelli tenqarxansi
 
= she eats her apple
 
Ø-qavan-xe-lle ten-qarxa-nsi
 
ABS-apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS
 
5) Reciprocal Pronouns:
 
There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.
 
6) Negative Pronouns:
 
a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.
 
b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:
 
3SG ANIM: vannin
 
3SG INAN: vamin
 
4SG ANIM: valin
 
4SG INAN: vansin
 
3PL ANIM: vatuk
 
3PL INAN: vamuk
 
4PL ANIM: valuk
 
4PL INAN: vaksuk
 
c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.
 
EG:
 
vannin
 
< *qavanti tin
 
= the one who is not
 
qapa-nti tin
 
NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON
 
7) Demonstrative Pronouns:
 
a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.
 
EG:
 
kiminiksi teghannalli
 
= she gives this to him
 
ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli
 
INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS
 
b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.
 
EG:
 
numinipsu kimpalka
 
= you go there
 
nu-min-psu kin-palka
 
ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go
 
8) Relative Pronouns:
 
There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.
 
EG:
 
kimex qavan lenqarxammu kijanak xinnunti
 
= the woman sees the man who eats the apples
 
Ø-kimex Ø-qavan len-qarxa-mmu janak-ki qinnu-nti
 
ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS
 
9) Interrogative Pronouns:
 
1) Interrogatives pronouns are formed by affixing -ka to the appropriate pronoun.
 
EG:
 
a)
 
migka keniqarxammi
 
= you're eating what?
 
Ø-min-ka ken-qarxa-mmi
 
ABS-3SG.INAN.PRON 2SG.ERG-eat-3SG.INAN.ABS
 
===Numerals===
1) Numerals are treated as nominals.
 
2) The numeral system is hybrid vigesimal-decimal
 
3) The thurse language families of Western Europe and Basque, while otherwise unrelated, share the same set of basic numerals: the Western.Palaeo-European Numerals (WPEN).
 
4) The cardinal numerals from 1-10 are as per the table below:
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="15" | Numbers
|-
! Num. !! Name || WPEN
|-
! '''1'''
|| vaþi || *bade
|-
! '''2'''
|| miha ||  *miga
|-
! '''3'''
|| kirun || *kirur
|-
! '''4'''
|| lawan  || *lawur
|-
! '''5'''
|| marsi || *martse
|-
! '''6'''
|| srai ||  *xai
|-
! '''7'''
|| saspi || *saspi
|-
! '''8'''
|| rassu || *ratsu
|-
! '''9'''
|| vaþirassu ||  *baderatsu
|-
! '''10'''
|| tamvan || *tambar
|}
 
 
 
 
tamvaþi = 11
 
tammiha = 12
 
tagkirun = 13
 
tallawan = 14
 
tammarsi = 15
 
tansrai = 16
 
tansaspi = 17
 
tarrassi = 18
 
tamvaþirassu = 19
 
pujai = 20 (WPEN: *pogai)
 
mihapujai = 40
 
kirumpujai = 60
 
lawampujai = 80
 
ikum = 100 (WPEN: *ekum)
 
mihakum = 200
 
kirugkum = 300
 
lawagkum = 400
 
marsikum = 500
 
sraikum = 600
 
saspikum = 700
 
rassukum = 800
 
vaþirassukun = 900
 
milju = 1,000
 
milljun = 1,000,000
 
milju vaþirassukun kirumpujai marse = 1965
 
5) Nouns counted by a cardinal numeral take the ablative case and precede the numeral.
 
EG:
 
pigkelhit vaþirassu
 
= nine lords
 
pik-milki-t vaþirassu
 
ABL-lord-PL nine
 
6) Ordinal numerals are indicated with the equative case:
 
EG:
 
simpujai vaþi kispit
 
= the twenty-first month
 
sin-pujai vaþi kispi-t
 
EQU-twenty one month-PL
 
7) Fractions are encoded by a periphrastic construction involving kwerþi "piece, portion" and the ablative case.
 
EG:
 
pigkinta sigkirun kwirþi
 
= the third part of the water, a third of the water
 
pik-ninta sin-kirun kwirþi
 
ABL-water EQU-three portion
 
===Verbal Morphology===
 
===Verbal Structure===
 
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
 
==Example texts==
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
 
<!-- Template area -->
 
 
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Thulean Lexicon===
===A===
 
agja = copper
 
aqaq = fire
 
Ailrin = April
 
aira = trees, forest
 
alman = woad
 
altin = knife
 
alwa = lark
 
ana = fruits
 
Anajat = September
 
antra = young woman, girl
 
apa = to be not, negative auxiliary
 
aqqa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)
 
aragkja = orange (fruit)
 
arha = to eat
 
arhat = silver
 
aru = kernel, core, vulva (euphemism)
 
asaþ = to bind, to imprison
 
aspin = be under, be beneath (stative), go under, go beneath (active)
 
aþan = blood
 
aurikut = apricot
 
ausla = police, militia
 
auslaq = cop
 
avan = apples
 
===G===
galin = to have faith in (stative), to trust (active)
 
gaxala = to heal, to doctor
 
gjara = to be content (stative), to purr (active)
 
===H===
 
hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)
 
-halla = augmentative
 
hanta = to give
 
-hanþi = too much, excessively
 
hilka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)
 
hulvu = beak, big nose
 
hurmu = to be dark or dim (stative), to dim or lower the light (active)
 
===I===
 
iani = year
 
ikum = hundred
 
ikwali = to be of good quality (stative), to have good intentions (active)
 
Ikwu = February
 
Ilimvu = March
 
ilit = bronze
 
iqjam = stars
 
iqku = hand
 
iqkai = to be handsome (stative), to be vain (active)
 
iqpi = to taste (stative), to savour (active), to perform cunnilingus (active)
 
isak = salmon
 
isarru = iron
 
isin = leaves
 
iskalva = eagle, hawk, falcon
 
iskalvaþatan = aeroplane
 
isparwa = crow
 
Islat = Iceland
 
issit = hair
 
istilu = pen
 
===J===
 
jagku = to count, to enumerate
 
jaipix = fishes
 
jakin = boat
 
jalla = trees, forest
 
janak = man
 
java = night
 
Jiamun = December
 
jillra = the collectivity of Thulean gods. Most Christian and Muslim Thuleans use this word to translate God.
 
jilraq = Thulean god. Some Christian and Muslim Thuleans use this word to translate God. It's something of a doctrinal point between different denominations.
 
jinsa = pine tree
 
Juvi = Thursday
 
===K===
 
kai = but
 
kalin = dog
 
kallun = priest of the native Thulean religion
 
-kani = nice, pleasant
 
Kantlu = May
 
kapitagju = captain (OF-4)
 
karra = stone
 
karvat = wagon, cart
 
katin = chains
 
katigkarvat = railway train
 
katigwala = laser
 
katlik = castle, fort
 
katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)
 
kattu = cat
 
kavallu = horse
 
kavi = coffee
 
kiggat = to drink, to imbibe
 
kigjia = to love (stative), to love (active)
 
kiapiþ = shadow
 
kilisja = church
 
kinirali = general (OF-8)
 
kintimitru = centimetre
 
kirri = land, country
 
kirritritta = infrastructure
 
kispe = moon, month
 
kilumitru = kilometre
 
kilutramma = kilogram
 
kimiq = woman
 
kirun = three
 
kjavi = to feel (stative), to touch (active)
 
kjukulat = chocolate
 
kjuni = nose
 
Kukja = November
 
kunnra = witch, sorcerer
 
kuntrakapitagju = counter-captain (OF-3)
 
kuntrakinirali = counter-general (OF-7)
 
kuntralukutinat = counter-lieutenant (OF-1)
 
kuntrakurpulari = counter-corporal (OR-2)
 
kuntramaristlu = counter-marshal (OF-9)
 
kuntratrunilu = counter-colonel (OF-5)
 
kurpulari = corporal (OR-3)
 
kwina = a smile
 
-kwipsu = never
 
kwirþi = piece, portion
 
kwistapuli = constable (OR-1)
 
Kwistapulari = the Constabulary, the general term for the Thulean armed forces.
 
kwitsan = feathers
 
===L===
 
lakju = thug, bravo
 
lakka = duck
 
-lunti = today
 
lawan = four
 
-limut = should, must, ought
 
linnu = valley
 
lira = sea ocean
 
litra = litre
 
-lkwa = white, blonde
 
-lmaq = transitiviser
 
lukut = mice
 
lukutinat = lieutenant (OF-2)
 
Lunai = Monday
 
===M===
 
mairi = major (OR-7)
 
mairihalla = master major (OR-8)
 
mairivinja = chief major (OR-9)
 
maislit = to mislead
 
-mak = can, able to
 
makku = pigs
 
makkuslusi = pork
 
-mani = much, a lot
 
maristlu = marshal (OF-10)
 
marsi = five
 
Marti = Tuesday
 
marþin = to desire (stative), to want (active)
 
maru = to cry out in pain or grief (stative), to kick up a fuss (active)
 
maþin = bread
 
milja = thousand
 
milki = lord, lady
 
millilitra = millilitre, cubic centimetre
 
millimitru = millimetre
 
millitramma = milligram
 
milljun = million
 
Mirkuri = Wednesday
 
mitrumitru = micron, micrometre
 
mitrutramma = microgram
 
misalka = blackbird
 
mitru = metre
 
miha = two
 
-mmilit = black, brunette
 
===N===
 
nara = to be, to exist (stative), to become (active)
 
Narwirka = Norway
 
naska = ring (jewellery)
 
nasra = bones
 
nina = ash tree
 
ninta = water
 
nravi = eye
 
nugaxala vuta = hospital
 
nukjia = eels
 
nummi = to be red
 
===P===
 
pagkju = to buy
 
pujai = twenty
 
pakka! = fuck!
 
palka = to go
 
panana = banana
 
parma = to be ignorant (stative), to be unwilling to learn (active)
 
patata= potatoes
 
pattu = hare
 
pattuhalla = donkey
 
paþþa = be beautiful, be pretty (stative), gussy oneself up (active)
 
pigkilu = pencil
 
pinta = to fill
 
pilun = lead
 
piriþ = to die (stative), to die of self-neglect, to pine away (active)
 
===Q===
 
qaniq = willow trees
 
qaste = world
 
qintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)
 
qjammi = sky
 
qjinna = nature spirits
 
qjinnaq = nature spirit
 
-qku = instrumental applicative
 
-qpak = diminutive
 
Qwiqjaþ = Sweden
 
qwistu = winds
 
qwistuq = breeze, gust of wind
 
===R===
 
rassu = eight
 
rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)
 
riþþu = to have sang-froid (stative), to keep one's cool (active)
 
Riulu = August
 
russla = spirit, soul
 
-rusta = red, ginger
 
===S===
 
Samun = June
 
saspi = seven
 
Saturri = Saturday
 
saxwa = sun, day
 
silka = person, human being
 
Simissan = January
 
sirvintu = sergeant (OR-4)
 
sirvintuhalla = master sergeant (OR-5)
 
sirvintuvinja = chief sergeant (OR-6)
 
sinarva = gold
 
sinnak = fox
 
slaka = to be enslaved, to be in thrall (stative), to be indentured, to serve (active)
 
slahalmax = to rule, to command
 
slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)
 
-slempi = certain, sure
 
sluse = meat, flesh
 
srai = six
 
srispitri = Christian priest
 
Suli = Sunday
 
suttra = sugar
 
-sun = detransitiviser
 
sunik = snow
 
sunra = fingers, hand
 
sunrax = finger
 
suvi = strawberries
 
===T===
 
taha = sword
 
taikut = to name
 
taina = foot
 
-taina = allative applicative
 
tainu = tin
 
takku = to bring, to fetch
 
tamman = ten
 
Tammarki = Denmark
 
tansa = owl
 
Tilku = Thule
 
tianinta = tea
 
tlanta = children
 
tlamu = be ill (stative), become ill (active)
 
tlanu = throne
 
Tlusslu = the Squid Mother, the Ten-Armed Lady, Mistress of all Sea-Creatures, Thulean Goddess.
 
tramma = gram
 
tritta = skeleton, frame
 
trukin = hat
 
trunilu = colonel (OF-6)
 
tumati = tomato
 
===Þ===
 
þarja = wheel
 
þarjaqikwa = automobile
 
þatan = wing
 
Þistlat = Germany
 
Þuman = July
 
þurku = be bad, be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)
 
þurru = fist
 
===U===
 
Uirun = October
 
unnu = pillow
 
unnujakin = hovercraft
 
uruk = enemies
 
usse = gemstone
 
===V===
 
vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)
 
vakkan = rain
 
valþa = wolves
 
vanþu = peak, mountaintop, hilltop
 
varru = raven
 
vartu = cloak
 
vaski = to bundle up, to amass
 
vassli = wasp
 
vassliþatan = helicopter
 
vaþi = one
 
vaþirassu = eight
 
vau = and (conjoins two phrases)
 
Villat = Finland
 
Viniri = Friday
 
vinistra = window
 
-virri = new, young, fresh
 
virru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)
 
vika = bee
 
-vinja = old, mature, wise
 
vunnu = needle
 
vurku = badger
 
vurju = be yellow
 
vussu = mouth
 
vuta = house
 
===W===
 
wala = light
 
wiuru = amber
 
===Thulean Flags===
 
[[File:Thulean Flag.svg|200px|thumb|left|Thulean national flag]]
 
 
 
[[File:Thulean Flag Variant.svg|200px|thumb|left|Naval ensign]]
 
 
[[File:Thulean naval ensign center cross.svg|200px|thumb|left|Civil ensign]]
 
The footed Othala rune as used in Thulean iconography represents the Squid Goddess Tlusslu. In the alternate universe where Thule exists, Neo-Nazi groups have been rigorously discouraged from making use of this symbol. However, the Thuleans do tolerate the use of the footed Othala rune by Odinists, Asatruar and other adherents of Pagan religions.

Latest revision as of 14:07, 6 June 2017

Introduction

Thulean is the sole surviving member of the Insular branch of the Hercynian language family. It has an estimated 33 million speakers. The language is agglutinative and polysynthetic with an active-stative morphosyntax of the fluid-S subtype. It is written using the Latin alphabet as is universal amongst Western European languages.

Phonology

A) PHONEME INVENTORY

1) CONSONANTS

NASAL:

-fortis: /mb, nd, Ng/

-lenis: /m, n, N/

LIQUID:

-fortis: /rd, ld/

-lenis: /r, l/

PLOSIVE:

-fortis: /pp, tt, kk/

-lenis: /p, t, k/

FRICATIVE:

-fortis: /ss, xx/

-lenis: /s, x/

APPROXIMANT: /v, D, j/

2) VOWELS

a) MONOPHTHONGS: /i, u, a/

b) DIPHTHONGS: /@U, OI, aI, aU/

B) ALLOPHONES

1) /N/ is realised as [g] in word-initial position and in onset position following a coda consonant.

2) All fortis obstruents are realised as lenis plosives in intervocalic position.

3) All lenis plosives and /s/ are voiced in intervocalic position.

4) /x/ is realised as [Z] in intervocalic position.

5) /D/ is realised as [T] in word-final position.

6) /i, u/ are realised as [E, O] when preceding a liquid coda or fortis liquid.

7) /i, u/ are reslised as [E, O] when adjacent to /v, j/.

C) ORTHOGRAPHY

"a" = /a/

"ai" = /aI/

"au" = /aU/

"g" = /N/

"gg" = /Ng/

"h" = /x/

"hh" = /xx/

"i" = /i/

"iu" = /@U/

"j" = /j/

"k" = /k/

"kk" = /kk/

"l" = /l/

"ll" = /ld/

"m" = /m/

"mm" = /mb/

"n" = /n/

"nn" = /nd/

"p" = /p/

"pp" = /pp/

"q" = /D/

"r" = /r/

"rr" = /rd/

"s" = /s/

"ss" = /ss/

"t" = /t/

"tt" = /tt/

"u" = /u/

"ui" = /OI/

"v" = /v/

Historical note: /D/ was originally written with "þ". However, when printing was introduced to Thule, no type was available for that letter so "q" was substituted instead.

The spelling of Thulean is generally phonemic except that the effects of consonant gradation and sandhi are indicated.

D) PROSODY

Thulean has fixed initial primary stress. Secondary stress falls on every alternate syllable following the primary stress. Rhythm type is trochaic.

E) PHONOTACTICS

1) The syllable template is (C)V(C).

2) Consonant clusters only occur at syllable boundaries.

3) Permitted consonant clusters:

a) /m/ + /p/

b) /n/ + /t, s/

c) /N/ + /k, x/

d) /r/ + /m, N, p, t, k, s, x, v, j/

e) /l/ + /m, N, p, t, k, s, x, v, j/

f) /p, t, k/ + /s/

g) /s/ + /p, t, k/

4) Permitted word-final codas: /m, n, t, k, s, D/

5) Vowels in hiatus do not occur.

6) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable, before a fortis consonant or before /P, j/.

F) SANDHI

1) Sandhi occurs at morpheme boundaries as a result of suffixation.

2) The resulting sandhi transformations are as follows:

a) /m, n, N/ + /m, n, N/ > [mb, nd, Ng]

b) /m, n, N/ + /r/ > [rd, rd, rd]

c) /m, n, N/ + /l/ > [ld, ld, ld]

d) /m, n, N/ + /v, D, j/ > [mb, nd, Ng]

e) /m, N/ + /t, s/ > [nt, ns]

f) /m, n/ + /k, x/ > [Nk, Nx]

g) /n, N/ + /p/ > [mp]

h) /r, l/ + /n/ > [nd]

i) /r, l/ + /r, l/ > [rd, ld]

j) /r, l/ + /D/ > [rd, ld]

k) /p, t, k/ + /p, t, k/ > [pp, tt, kk]

l) /p, t, k, s/ + /v/ > [ps, ts, ks, ss]

m) /p, t, k, s/ + /D/ > [ps, ts, ks, ss]

n) /p, t, k, s/ + /j/ > [ps, ts, ks, ss]

G) CONSONANT GRADATION

1) This process affects fortis consonants and lenis plosives following a nasal, liquid or vowel.

2) It is triggered if the consonants in question form the onset of a closed syllable due to suffixation.

3) The gradation sequences are as follows:

a) /mp/ > /mb/ > /m/

b) /nt/ > /nd/ > /n/

c) /Nk/ > /Ng/ > /N/

d) /rp/ > /rP/

e) /rt/ > /rd/ > /r/

f) /rk/ > /rj/

g) /lp/ > /lP/

h) /lt/ > /ld/ > /ll/

i) /lk/ > /lj/

j) /pp/ > /p/ > /P/

k) /tt/ > /t/ > /D/

l) /kk/ > /k/ > /j/

m) /ss/ > /s/

n) /xx/ > /x/