Thulean: Difference between revisions

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==Introduction==
===Description===
The Thulean language (endonym: Minigkaksi) has an agglutinative and polysynthetic morphology. Its morphosyntactic alignment is split intransitive with the fluid-S subtype. It is left-branching and double-marking. Thulean is a language isolate and has not been proven to belong to any established language family, although speculative suggestions of links between it and the Uralic or Uralo-Siberian families have been made in the past. Also, of course, not unexpectedly, there are the wild claims of a relationship between Thulean and the usual suspects of Sumerian, Etruscan or Basque. It is spoken by the Silhat or Thuleans and has a total number of speakers exceeding 30 million.
===The Thurse===
Thurse is the collective name in English for the European pygmy phenotype. Thurse males and females are similar in stature and have an average height of between 135 to 140 cm. They are pale-skinned with a distinctive pattern of dark stripes for which their clade is best known and have straight or wavy hair. Red hair is more common among the Thurse than any other phenotypical group. High androgyny among Thurse males and high neoteny among both sexes are also notable traits. The Thurse belong to several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Selhat or Thuleans who occupy Thule (endonym: Tilku) the westernmost of the British Isles. The Thurse phenotype is believed to have originated in the Hercynian forest zone of central Europe, diverging from other Palaeolithic populations in Europe approximately ten thousand years ago. The Thurse have no connection with the pygmy populations of the tropics.
===Influences===
The phonology was initially inspired by the phonaesthetics of Finnish and Quenya (the Vanyarin dialect specifically) but soon followed its own trajectory to become its own thing. Also, the Samic languages have left their mark on Thulean's system of consonant gradation. The morphology is heavily influenced by Yupik and Inuktitut.
===Goals===
My intention is to create a polysynthetic elflang that is relatively easy for me to pronounce and which won't have a grammar too complex for me to use. We'll see how it goes.
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
Intonation
-->
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
1) Thulean is written in the Latin script. The spelling is primarily phonemic but will change to indicate the effects of sandhi and consonant gradation. The current alphabet was adopted in 1898 and underwent its last revision in 1965. The orthography is listed in the tables below:
a) Consonants
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"| !! rowspan="2"| Labial !! rowspan="2"| Dental !! colspan="2"|Alveolar !! rowspan="2"|Retroflex !! rowspan="2"|Palatal !! colspan="2"|Velar !! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
! Central !! Lateral !! Plain !! Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4"| Sonorant !! rowspan="2"| Nasal !! Fortis
| mm || || nn || || nnr || ggj || gg || ggw || rowspan="5"|
|-
! Lenis
| m || || n || || nr || gj || g || gw
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid !! Fortis
| || || rr || ll || llr || llj || colspan="2"|
|-
! Lenis
| || || r || l || lr || lj || colspan="2"|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Stop !! Fortis
| pp || || tt || ttl || ttr || kkj || kk || kkw
|-
! Lenis
| p || || t || tl || tr || kj || k || kw || x
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative !! Fortis
| || þþ || ss || ssl || ssr || qqj || qq || qqw || rowspan="3"|
|-
! Lenis
| || þ || s || sl || sr || qj || q || qw
|-
! colspan="3"| Approximant
| v || colspan="3"| || || j || h || w
|}
b) Vowels —Monophthongs
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! High
| i
| u
|-
! Low
| colspan="2"| a
|}
c) Vowels —Diphthongs
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! Rising
| ia
| ua
|-
!Low Falling
| ai
| au
|-
!High Falling
| ui
| iu
|}
2) Coda /n`/ is written as "n", coda /J/ is written as "g".
3) Coda /l`/ and coda /L/ are both written as "l".
4) The glottal stop is not written in word-initial position.
5) Thulean uses Arabic numerals to represent numbers.
===Consonants===
Thulean has 53 consonant phonemes which according to WALS is a large inventory. These are listed in the table below:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
!  rowspan="2" colspan="3"|
!  rowspan="2"| Labial
! rowspan="2"| Dental
!  colspan="2"| Alveolar
!  rowspan="2"| Retroflex
!  rowspan="2"| Palatal
!  colspan="2" |Velar
! rowspan="2"|Glottal
|-
!  |Central
!  |Lateral
!  |Plain
!  |Labialised
|-
! rowspan="4" | Sonorant
! rowspan="2"| Nasal
! Fortis
| /mb/
|
| /nd/
|
| /ɳɖʐ/
| /ɲʥ/
| /ŋg/
| /ŋg<sup>w</sup>/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /m/
|
| /n/
|
| /ɳ/
| /ɲ/
|  /ŋ/
| /ŋ<sup>w</sup>/
|
|-
! rowspan="2"| Liquid
! Fortis
|
|
| /rd/
| /ld/
| /ɭɖʐ/
| /ʎʥ/
|
|
|
|-
! Lenis
|
|
| /r/
| /l/
| /ɭ/
| /ʎ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Stop
! Fortis
|  /pp/
|
| /tt/
| /ttɬ/
| /ʈʈʂ/
| /tʨ/
| /kk/
| /kk<sup>w</sup>/
|
|-
! Lenis
| /p/
|
| /t/
| /tɬ/
| /ʈʂ/
| /ʨ/
| /k/
| /k<sup>w</sup>/
| /ʔ/
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Fricative
! Fortis
|
|  /θθ/
|  /ss/
|  /ɬɬ/
|  /ʂʂ/
|  /ɕɕ/
| /xx/
| /xx<sup>w</sup>/
|
|-
! Lenis
|
|  /θ/
|  /s/
|  /ɬ/
|  /ʂ/
|  /ɕ/
| /x/
| /x<sup>w</sup>/
|
|-
! colspan="3" | Approximant
| /v/
|
|
|
|
| /j/
| /h/
| /w/
|
|}
===Vowels===
Thulean phonology recognises 3 monophthongs and 6 diphthongs. According to WALS the rising diphthongs count as additional vowel qualities which gives a total of 5 vowels. WALS considers this an average inventory. Thus the consonant to vowel ratio is 10.6 which according to WALS is high. The vowels are listed in the table below:
====Monophthongs====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! High
| /i/
| /u/
|-
! Low
| colspan="2"| /a/
|}
====Diphthongs====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|+
|-
!
! Front
! Back
|-
! Rising
| /ɛ:/
| /ɔ:/
|-
!Low Falling
| /aɪ/
| /aʊ/
|-
!High Falling
| /ɔɪ/
| /əʊ/
|}
===Allophony===
1) Nasals are realised as their corresponding voiced stop when following a liquid coda.
2) /ɳ/ is realised as [ɖʐ] in onset position.
3) /N/ is realised as [g] in word-initial position.
4) /ŋʷ/ is realised as [gʷ] in word-initial position.
5) /rd/ is realised as [z] after /i, u/.
6) Fortis obstruents are realised as their corresponding lenis obstruents in intervocalic position.
7) All lenis stops, but not the glottal stop, are aspirated in word-initial position.
8) /p, t, tɬ, tʂ, tɕ, k, kʷ,  θ, s, ɬ, ʂ, ɕ, x, xʷ/ are voiced in intervocalic position.
9) /x/ is realised as [ɕ] in coda position.
10) /i/ is realised as [E] before any fortis liquid onset or liquid coda except /r, rr/.
11) /i/ is realised as [E] after a /j/ onset.
12) /u/ is realised as [ɔ] before any fortis liquid onset or liquid coda except /r, rd/.
13) /u/ is realised as [O] after a /w/ onset.
===Prosody===
====Stress====
Thulean has stress accent. Primary stress falls within the root. Open syllables without a diphthong are light; open syllables with a diphthong or closed syllables are heavy. Fortis consonants close the syllable preceding them. If the first syllable of a root is heavy then the primary stress falls there otherwise it falls upon the second syllable of the root.The stress placement within a root is fixed so is not affected by consonant gradation.
====Intonation====
Secondary stress falls upon every alternate syllable after the primary stress. This gives Thulean a broadly iambic rhythm. Thulean does not have phonemic tone.
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
1) The syllable template in Thulean is CV(C).
2) Permitted syllable codas:
a) Morpheme-medial only: /ɳ, ɲ, ŋ, r, l, ɭ, ʎ, p, s/
b) Morpheme-medial and morpheme-final: /m, n, t, k, θ, x/
3) Fortis consonants may not occur in word-initial position.
4) Fortis consonants may not occur in the onset of closed syllables.
5) Consonant clusters may have no more than two segments.
6) Within a morpheme, consonant clusters may only occur across syllable boundaries.
7) Consonant clusters may nor occur in prefix-initial or root-initial position.
8) Consonant clusters may occur in suffix-initial position.
9) Permitted consonant clusters as per table below:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! ɲ
! ŋ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʨ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! θ
! s
! ɕ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || mp || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mʔ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || mv || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! n
| colspan = "4" style = "background: silver"| || nt || ntɬ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver" | || nʔ || nθ ||ns || colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! ɲ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ɲʨ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ɲɕ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! ŋ
| colspan = "7" style = "background: silver"| || ŋk || ŋkʷ || ŋʔ || colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || ŋx || ŋxʷ || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver" | || ŋh || style = "background: silver" |
|-
! r
| rm || rɲ || rŋ ||  rp || rt || rtɬ || rʨ || rk || rkʷ || rʔ || rθ ||rs || rɕ || rx || rxʷ || rv || rj || rh || rw
|-
! l
| lm || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lŋ  || lp || lt || colspan = "2" style = "background: silver"| ||  lk || lkʷ|| lʔ || lθ || ls || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || lx || lxʷ || lv || style = "background: silver"| || lh || lw
|-
! ʎ
| colspan = "6" style = "background: silver"| || ʎʨ || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"| || ʎɕ || colspan = "6" style = "background: silver" |
|-
! p
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || pθ|| ps || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || px || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! t
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| ||tθ || ts || colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || tx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! k
| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"| || kθ ||ks|| colspan = "1" style = "background: silver"| || kx || colspan = "5" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! θ
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || θp|| θt || θtɬ || θʨ || θk || θkʷ || θʔ ||colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! s
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || sp|| st|| stɬ || sʨ || sk || skʷ || sʔ || colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|-
! x
| colspan = "3" style = "background: silver"| || xp|| xt|| xtɬ || xʨ || xk || xkʷ || xʔ|| colspan = "10" style = "background: silver"|
|}
10) /i, u/ may not precede coda /r/.
11) Diphthongs may only occur within a root or in monosyllabic particles.
12) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable.
13) Diphthongs may not precede a fortis consonant.
14) Rising diphthongs may not precede /r/ or /rd/.
15) Front falling diphthongs may not precede /j/.
16) Back falling diphthongs may not precede /w/.
===Morphophonology===
===Consonant Gradation===
1) Consonant gradation is word-internal lenition that effects the following:
a) Fortis consonants
b) Lenis stops following a sonorant coda or a vowel
2) Consonant gradation is triggered by the closing of a syllable which begins with the above classes of obstruents.
3) Consonant gradation proceeds as per the tables below:
a) Fortis consonants, and lenis stops following a liquid coda or a vowel:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II !! GRADE III
|-
| mb || m || style = "background: silver" rowspan="8" |
|-
| nd || n
|-
| ɲʥ || ɲ
|-
| ŋg || ŋ
|-
| ŋgʷ || ŋʷ
|-
| rd || r
|-
| ld || l
|-
| ʎʥ || ʎ
|-
| pp || p || v
|-
| tt || t || r
|-
| ttɬ || tɬ || l
|-
| tʨ || ʨ || j
|-
| kk || k || h
|-
| kkʷ || kʷ || w
|-
| θθ || θ ||  style = "background: silver" rowspan="6" |
|-
| ss || s
|-
| ɬɬ || ɬ
|-
| ɕɕ || ɕ
|-
| xx || x
|-
| xxʷ || xʷ
|}
b) Lenis stops following a nasal:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
! GRADE I !! GRADE II
|-
| mp || mb
|-
| nt || nd
|-
| ntɬ || ld
|-
| ɲʨ || ɲʥ
|-
| ŋk || ŋg
|-
| ŋkʷ || ŋgʷ
|}
4) Consonant gradation occurs after sandhi.
===Sandhi===
1) In Thulean, sandhi is the term given to interactions between consonants at morpheme boundaries.
2) An epenthetic /i/ is inserted after the first segment of the following types of consonant clusters:
a) morpheme coda + fortis consonant
b) morpheme coda + consonant cluster
3) All other consonant sandhi interactions are resolved as per the table below:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 660px; text-align:center;"
!
! m
! n
! ɲ
! ŋ
! ŋʷ
! r
! l
! ʎ
! p
! t
! tɬ
! ʨ
! k
! kʷ
! ʔ
! s
! ɬ
! ɕ
! x
! xʷ
! v
! j
! h
! w
|-
! m
| rowspan ="2"| mb || rowspan ="2"| nd || rowspan ="2"| ɲʥ || rowspan ="2"| ŋg || rowspan ="2"| ŋgʷ || rowspan ="2"| rm || rowspan ="2"| lm || rowspan ="2"| ʎɲ || rowspan ="2"| mp || rowspan ="2"| nt || rowspan ="2"| ntɬ || rowspan ="2"| ɲʨ || rowspan ="2"| ŋk || rowspan ="2"| ŋkʷ || mʔ || rowspan ="2"| ns || rowspan ="2"| nθ || rowspan ="2"| ɲɕ || rowspan ="2"| ŋx || rowspan ="2"| ŋxʷ || rowspan ="2"| mv || rowspan ="2"| ɲ || rowspan ="2"| ŋh || rowspan ="2"| ŋʷ
|-
! n
| nʔ
|-
! t
| colspan = "2" | nt || rowspan = "2" | ɲʨ || nt || rowspan = "2" | ŋkʷ || rt || tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʎʨ || rowspan = "2"| pp || rowspan = "2"| tt || rowspan = "2"| ttɬ || rowspan = "2"| tʨ || rowspan = "2"| kk || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ || tt || ts || rowspan = "2"| tɬ || rowspan = "2"| ʨ || tx || rowspan = "2"| kkʷ|| rowspan = "2"| kʷ || rowspan = "2"| ʨ || tx || rowspan = "2" | kʷ
|-
! k
| colspan = "2" | ŋk || ŋk || rk || lk || kk || ks || kx || kx
|-
! x
| colspan = "2" | ŋx || nɕ || ŋx || ŋxʷ || rx || lx || ʎɕ || ɕp || ɕt || ɕtɬ || ɕʨ || ɕk || ɕkʷ || xʔ || ss || ɬɬ || ɕɕ || xx || colspan = "2" | xxʷ || ɕ || xx || xʷ
|}
4) /i/ + coda /r/ is realised as [E@].
5) /i/ + /rd/ is realised as [E@d].
6) /u/ + coda /r/ is realised as [O@].
7) /u/ + /rd/ is realised as [O@d].
==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology
-->
===General Notes===
Thulean morphology has the following constituents:
1) Roots: these are divided into nominal and verbal roots. The latter are divided into transitive and intransitive categories.
2) Postbases: these are derivational or adjunctival suffixes which directly follow the root. They are scope-ordered.
3) Inflectional affixes: these bear functions such as case, number, possession, agent, patient, tense amongst others. The usual bread and butter, nuts and bolts stuff that inflection does.
4) Particles: Conjunctions, interjections and other miscellany that do not fit into the above categories.
===Nominal Morphology===
===Nominal Structure===
1) Noun template:
case prefix + nominal or verbal root + postbase(s)+ number suffix + possessive suffix or indefinite suffix + demonstrative suffix
2) A minimally inflected noun has a case prefix and a number suffix.
3) Postbases will be covered in the own separate section after verbs.
===Cases===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Nominal Case Declension'''
|-
! Case
! Prefix
! Function
! Examples
|-
!Absolutive
| Ø-
|
*Marks the nominal citation form
*Marks the O argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Ergative
| qa-
|
*Marks the A argument of a transitive verb
*Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb
*Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
|
|-
! Instrumental
| ki-
|
*Indicates the use of an instrument or tool
*Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of stative S arguments
*Marks direct causal arguments
*Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb
|
|-
! Locative
| jet-
|
*Indicates location or place
*Indicates time, event, or occasion
*Marks the locative comitative
*Marks infinite verbal forms in periphrastic constructions
|
|- 
! Allative
| nu-
|
*Indicates direction, goal, or destination
*Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection of active S arguments
*Encodes spatial or temporal relations in conjunction with terminative markers (e.g. up to, until, as far as)
*Marks the beneficiary of an action
*Marks for the purpose of, for the use of
|
|-
! Ablative
| pik-
|
*Indicates motion away from
*Indicates origin
*Indicates distance from a reference point
*Indicates time since an event occurred
*Encodes partitive relations (part of, made from, some of)
*Marks the focus of intransitive malefactive/adversarial verbs
*Encodes aversive case relations (for fear of, lest, in case of)
|
|- 
! Perlative
| me-
|
*Indicates motion through, across or along
*Indicates path, means or mode of transport or transmission
*Indicates duration
*Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative
*Marks indirect causal arguments
*Encodes distributive functions
|
|-
! Equative
| sin-
|
*Indicates similarity in manner, likeness or composition
*Encodes comparative marking (as, than)
*Marks ordinality in numerals
*Serves as a topicalizer (e.g. regarding, concerning, about, as for)
|
|}
<!--
1) Case prefixes:
ABS(olutive): Ø-
NOM(inative): a-
INST(rumental): ki-
LOC(ative): jet-
ALL(ative): nu-
ABL(ative): pik-
PER(lative): me-
EQU(ative): sin-
2) Case Functions:
a) Absolutive Case:
i) Marks the citation form of a noun.
ii) Marks the O argument of a transitive verb.
iii) Marks the stative S argument of an intransitive verb.
iv) Marks the recipient of a ditransitive verb.
b) Nominative Case:
i) Marks the A argument of a transitive verb.
ii) Marks the active S argument of an intransitive verb.
iii) Marks the possessor of a possessive noun phrase
c) Instrumental Case:
i) Marks the use of an instrument or tool.
ii) Marks the the focus of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection if the S argument is stative.
iii) Marks direct causation.
iv) Marks the theme of a ditransitive verb.
d) Locative Case:
i) Marks location or place.
ii) Marks occasion, time or event.
iii) Marks the locative comitative.
iv) Marks the infinite form of the verb in periphrastic constructions.
e) Allative Case:
i)Marks destination or motion towards.
ii) Marks the focus of an intransitive verb of an intransitive verb of perception, cognition or affection if the S argument is active.
iii) Marks terminative relations (up to, until, as far as) spatially and temporarally.
iv) Marks benefactive relations (for, on behalf of).
f) Ablative Case:
i) Marks origin or motion away from.
ii) Marks distance from, time since.
iii) Marks the focus of intransitive verbs of opposition or repulsion.
iv) Marks aversive functions (for fear of, lest, in case of).
g) Perlative Case:
i) Marks motion through, across or along.
ii) Marks duration.
iii) Marks path, means or mode of transport or transmission.
iv) Marks the instrumental or collaborative comitative.
v) Marks indirection causation.
h) Equative Case:
i) Marks similarity in manner, likeness or composition.
ii) Marks comparative functions (as, than).
iii) Marks topical functions (re, regarding, concerning, about, as for).
===Postbases===
Postbases are covered on their own section.
-->
===Number===
1) For the purposes of number, Thulean nouns are divided into count nouns and mass nouns.
2) For count nouns there are two systems of number:
a) singular-plural
b) collective-singulative
3) The singular-plural system works as it does in most European languages, the singular form of the noun is default and marks a single instance of that noun. The plural form marks multiple instances of that noun. EG:
SG: kattu = cat
PL: katut = cats
4) With the collective-singulative system the collective form of the noun is default and marks multiple instances of that noun. The singulative form marks a single instance of that noun. Collective nouns usually indicate entities that are found in groups. EG:
COL: makku = pigs
SGV: makux = pig
5) Mass nouns are considered to be pluralia tanta and thus use the collective-singulative system. The collective form indicates a lump or mass and the singulative form indicates a part of that lump or mass. EG:
COL: ninta = water
SGV: ninnax = a drop or sip of water
6) Number suffixes:
a) After vowel:
PL: -t
SGV: -x
b) After consonant or before suffix:
PL: -ta
SGV: -xe
===Possession===
1) Pronominal Possession:
This is indicated by the following set of suffixes:
1SG: -nni
2SG: -kki
3SG ANIM: -tti
3SG INAN: -mmi
4SG ANIM: -lli
4SG INAN: -ssi
1PL EXCL: -nnu
1PL INCL: -ppu
2PL: -kku
3PL ANIM: -ttu
3PL INAN: -mmu
4PL ANIM: -llu
4PL INAN: -ssu
EG:
a)
tlannatti
= her children
b)
tlannaxeppu
= our child
2) Nominal Possession:
This is indicated by the following construction:
NOM + possessor possessum + pronominal possessive suffix.
EG:
akimeq katutti = the woman's cat
a-kimeq kattu-tti
ERG-woman cat-3SG.ANIM.POS
===The Indefinite===
1) The indefinite suffix -li imparts the meaning of a, a certain, some, any.
EG:
jelelli = a valley
2) Used with the ablative case has the meaning any of, any one of.
EG:
a)
pikiselhat telli
= any one of the people
pik-selka-t tin-li
ABL-person-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF
b)
pikiselhat tatli
= any of the people
pik-selka-t tak-li
ABL-person-PL 3PL.ANIM.PL.INDEF
===Demonstratives ===
1) Thulean has four demonstrative suffixes which encode the following distances:
a) The proximal citerior which marks a person or object near the speaker.
b) The distal citerior which marks a person or object near the addressee.
c) The proximal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but within line of sight.
d) The distal ulterior which marks a person or object away from both speaker and addressee but outside visual range.
2)The demonstrative suffixes are as follows:
PROX CIT: -ksi
DIST CIT: -psu
PROX ULT: -tje
DIST ULT: -nja
3) Examples:
a)
janahiksi = this man
b)
qavantje
= yon apples that are in sight
===Gender===
1) Thulean has two genders, animate and inanimate.
2) The animate gender contains nouns referring to people, animals and dynamic physical phenomena such as fire or wind.
3) The inanimate gender contains the residuum.
4) Nouns are not overtly marked for gender but they govern the appropriate pronouns, possessive suffixes and verbal pronominal markers.
EG:
a)
paþanti kattu
= the pretty cat
paþþa-nti Ø-kattu
be.pretty-3SG.ANIM.ABS ABS-cat
b)
helhammu ninta
= the hot water
helka-mmu Ø-ninta
be.hot-3PL.INAN.ABS ABS-water
===Pronouns===
1) Pronouns are treated like any other nominals.
2) Personal Pronouns:
a) These are listed as follows, absolutive (other cases):
1SG: nini (inni)
2SG: kiki (ikki)
3SG ANIM: titi (itti)
3SG INAN: mimi (immi)
4SG ANIM: liri (illi)
4SG INAN: sisi (issi)
1PL EXCL: nunu (unnu)
1PL INCL: pupu (uppu)
2PL: kuku (ukku)
3PL ANIM: tutu (uttu)
3PL INAN: mumu (ummu)
4PL ANIM: luru (ullu)
4PL INAN: susu (ussu)
b) Animate pronouns can also encode the meaning of person in the generic sense.
EG:
paþanti tin
= the pretty one
paþþa-nti tin
be.pretty.3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON
c) Inanimate pronouns can also encode the meaning of object in the generic sense.
EG:
mukxalla
= big things
muk-halla
3PL.INAN.PRON-big
d) 4th person pronouns come into play when there are two referents of the same gender and number that need to be distinguished. Thus, 4th person pronouns can be translated into English as "the latter".
e) Exclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addressee is not included within the referent.
IE: we but not you.
f) Inclusive 1st person plural pronouns indicate that the addresses is included with I the referent.
IE: we and you.
3) Indefinite Pronouns:
a) These encode the concepts of somebody, something, anybody, anything.
b) They are formed by affixing the indefinite suffix to the appropriate pronoun.
EG:
melli = anything
c) In conjuction with the ablative case express the concepts of anyone of, any of.
EG:
i)
pikijanat telli
= anyone of the men
pik-janak-t tin-li
ABL-man-PL 3SG.ANIM.PRON-INDEF
ii)
pikiqavan mutli
= any of the apples
pik-qavan muk-li
ABL-apples 3PL.INAN.PRON-INDEF
4) Reflexive Pronouns:
a) There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns.
b) Reflexivity is indicated by employing the absolutive, oblique or possessive form which refers to the ergative or sole argument of the verb.
EG:
i)
temmaiserittu
= he misleads himself
ten-maiset-ttu
3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-3SG.ANIM.ABS
VS
temmaiserelku
= he misleads him
ten-maiset-lku
3SG.ANIM.ERG-mislead-4SG.ANIM.ABS
ii)
tigki xinnunti
= he sees himself
tin-ki xintu-nti
3SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS
VS
ligki xinnunti
= he sees him
lin-ki xintu-nti
4SG.ANIM.PRON-INST see-3SG.ANIM.ABS
iii)
qavagxente tenqarxansi
= she eats her own apple
Ø-qavan-xe-nte ten-qarxa-nsi
ABS-apples-SGV-3SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS
VS
qavagxelli tenqarxansi
= she eats her apple
Ø-qavan-xe-lle ten-qarxa-nsi
ABS-apples-SGV-4SG.ANIM.POS 3SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-4SG.INAN.ABS
5) Reciprocal Pronouns:
There are no dedicated reflexive pronouns. Their functions are performed by a verbal suffix.
6) Negative Pronouns:
a)These encode the concepts of nobody and nothing.
b) The negative pronouns are listed as follows:
3SG ANIM: vannin
3SG INAN: vamin
4SG ANIM: valin
4SG INAN: vansin
3PL ANIM: vatuk
3PL INAN: vamuk
4PL ANIM: valuk
4PL INAN: vaksuk
c) Diachronically, the negative pronouns are derived from relative clauses of negative auxiliary plus pronoun.
EG:
vannin
< *qavanti tin
= the one who is not
qapa-nti tin
NEG-3SG.ANIM.ABS 3SG.ANIM.PRON
7) Demonstrative Pronouns:
a) These are derived from affixing the appropriate demonstrative suffix.
EG:
kiminiksi teghannalli
= she gives this to him
ki-min-ksi ten-hanta-lli
INST-3SG.INAN.PRON-PROX.CIT 3SG.ANIM.ERG-give-4SG.ANIM.ABS
b) Inanimate demonstrative pronouns can also encode the concepts of here and there.
EG:
numinipsu kimpalka
= you go there
nu-min-psu kin-palka
ALL-3SG.INAN.PRON-DIST.CIT 2SG.ERG.go
8) Relative Pronouns:
There are no reflexive pronouns. Thulean uses gap relativisation.
EG:
kimex qavan lenqarxammu kijanak xinnunti
= the woman sees the man who eats the apples
Ø-kimex Ø-qavan len-qarxa-mmu janak-ki qinnu-nti
ABS-woman ABS-apples 4SG.ANIM.ERG-eat-3PL.INAN INST-man see-3SG.ANIM.ABS
9) Interrogative Pronouns:
1) Interrogatives pronouns are formed by affixing -ka to the appropriate pronoun.
EG:
a)
migka keniqarxammi
= you're eating what?
Ø-min-ka ken-qarxa-mmi
ABS-3SG.INAN.PRON 2SG.ERG-eat-3SG.INAN.ABS
===Numerals===
1) Numerals are treated as nominals.
2) The numeral system is hybrid vigesimal-decimal
3) The thurse language families of Western Europe and Basque, while otherwise unrelated, share the same set of basic numerals: the Western Palaeo-European Numerals (WPEN).
4) The cardinal numerals from 1-10 are as per the table below:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
! colspan="15" | Numbers
|-
! Num. !! Name || WPEN
|-
! '''1'''
|| vaþi || *bade
|-
! '''2'''
|| mia ||  *miga
|-
! '''3'''
|| truþ || *kirur
|-
! '''4'''
|| luþ  || *lawur
|-
! '''5'''
|| marsi || *martse
|-
! '''6'''
|| srai ||  *srai
|-
! '''7'''
|| saspi || *saspi
|-
! '''8'''
|| rassu || *ratsu
|-
! '''9'''
|| vaþirassu ||  *baderatsu
|-
! '''10'''
|| tamaþ || *tambar
|}
tamvaþi = 11
tammia = 12
tantruþ = 13
talluþ = 14
tammarsi = 15
tansrai = 16
tansaspi = 17
tarrassu = 18
tamvaþirassu = 19
puhai = 20 (WPEN: *pogai)
miapuhai = 40
truþpuhai = 60
luþpuhai = 80
ikum = 100 (WPEN: *ekum)
miakum = 200
truþþikum = 300
luþþikum = 400
marsikum = 500
sraikum = 600
saspikum = 700
rassuikum = 800
vaþirassuikum = 900
milju = 1,000
milljun = 1,000,000
milju vaþirassuikum truþpujai marsi = 1965
5) Nouns counted by a cardinal numeral take the ablative case and precede the numeral.
EG:
pigkelhit vaþirassu
= nine lords
pik-milki-t vaþirassu
ABL-lord-PL nine
6) Ordinal numerals are indicated with the equative case:
EG:
simpujai vaþi kispit
= the twenty-first month
sin-pujai vaþi kispi-t
EQU-twenty one month-PL
7) Fractions are encoded by a periphrastic construction involving kwerþi "piece, portion" and the ablative case.
EG:
pigkinta sigkirun kwirþi
= the third part of the water, a third of the water
pik-ninta sin-kirun kwirþi
ABL-water EQU-three portion
===Verbal Morphology===
===Verbal Structure===
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
==Example texts==
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
<!-- Template area -->
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
===Thulean Lexicon===
===A===
agja = copper
aqaq = fire
Ailrin = April
aira = trees, forest
alman = woad
altin = knife
alwa = lark
ana = fruits
Anajat = September
antra = young woman, girl
apa = to be not, negative auxiliary
aqqa = to hate (stative), to dislike (active)
aragkja = orange (fruit)
arha = to eat
arhat = silver
aru = kernel, core, vulva (euphemism)
asaþ = to bind, to imprison
aspin = be under, be beneath (stative), go under, go beneath (active)
aþan = blood
aurikut = apricot
ausla = police, militia
auslaq = cop
avan = apples
===G===
galin = to have faith in (stative), to trust (active)
gaxala = to heal, to doctor
gjara = to be content (stative), to purr (active)
===H===
hakin = to know (stative), to learn (active)
-halla = augmentative
hanta = to give
-hanþi = too much, excessively
hilka = to be hot (stative), to warm up (active)
hulvu = beak, big nose
hurmu = to be dark or dim (stative), to dim or lower the light (active)
===I===
iani = year
ikum = hundred
ikwali = to be of good quality (stative), to have good intentions (active)
Ikwu = February
Ilimvu = March
ilit = bronze
iqjam = stars
iqku = hand
iqkai = to be handsome (stative), to be vain (active)
iqpi = to taste (stative), to savour (active), to perform cunnilingus (active)
isak = salmon
isarru = iron
isin = leaves
iskalva = eagle, hawk, falcon
iskalvaþatan = aeroplane
isparwa = crow
Islat = Iceland
issit = hair
istilu = pen
===J===
jagku = to count, to enumerate
jaipix = fishes
jakin = boat
jalla = trees, forest
janak = man
java = night
Jiamun = December
jillra = the collectivity of Thulean gods. Most Christian and Muslim Thuleans use this word to translate God.
jilraq = Thulean god. Some Christian and Muslim Thuleans use this word to translate God. It's something of a doctrinal point between different denominations.
jinsa = pine tree
Juvi = Thursday
===K===
kai = but
kalin = dog
kallun = priest of the native Thulean religion
-kani = nice, pleasant
Kantlu = May
kapitagju = captain (OF-4)
karra = stone
karvat = wagon, cart
katin = chains
katigkarvat = railway train
katigwala = laser
katlik = castle, fort
katta = to be tired (stative), to exhaust oneself (active)
kattu = cat
kavallu = horse
kavi = coffee
kiggat = to drink, to imbibe
kigjia = to love (stative), to love (active)
kiapiþ = shadow
kilisja = church
kinirali = general (OF-8)
kintimitru = centimetre
kirri = land, country
kirritritta = infrastructure
kispe = moon, month
kilumitru = kilometre
kilutramma = kilogram
kimiq = woman
kjavi = to feel (stative), to touch (active)
kjukulat = chocolate
kjuni = nose
Kukja = November
kunnra = witch, sorcerer
kuntrakapitagju = counter-captain (OF-3)
kuntrakinirali = counter-general (OF-7)
kuntralukutinat = counter-lieutenant (OF-1)
kuntrakurpulari = counter-corporal (OR-2)
kuntramaristlu = counter-marshal (OF-9)
kuntratrunilu = counter-colonel (OF-5)
kurpulari = corporal (OR-3)
kwina = a smile
-kwipsu = never
kwirþi = piece, portion
kwistapuli = constable (OR-1)
Kwistapulari = the Constabulary, the general term for the Thulean armed forces.
kwitsan = feathers
===L===
lakju = thug, bravo
lakka = duck
-limut = should, must, ought
linnu = valley
lira = sea ocean
litra = litre
-lkwa = white, blonde
-lmaq = transitiviser
lukut = mice
lukutinat = lieutenant (OF-2)
Lunai = Monday
-lunti = today
luþ = four
===M===
mairi = major (OR-7)
mairihalla = master major (OR-8)
mairivinja = chief major (OR-9)
maislit = to mislead
-mak = can, able to
makku = pigs
makkuslusi = pork
-mani = much, a lot
maristlu = marshal (OF-10)
marsi = five
Marti = Tuesday
marþin = to desire (stative), to want (active)
maru = to cry out in pain or grief (stative), to kick up a fuss (active)
maþin = bread
mia = two
milja = thousand
milki = lord, lady
millilitra = millilitre, cubic centimetre
millimitru = millimetre
millitramma = milligram
milljun = million
Mirkuri = Wednesday
mitrumitru = micron, micrometre
mitrutramma = microgram
misalka = blackbird
mitru = metre
-mmilit = black, brunette
===N===
nara = to be, to exist (stative), to become (active)
Narwirka = Norway
naska = ring (jewellery)
nasra = bones
nina = ash tree
ninta = water
nravi = eye
nugaxala vuta = hospital
nukjia = eels
nummi = to be red
===P===
pagkju = to buy
pakka! = fuck!
palka = to go
panana = banana
parma = to be ignorant (stative), to be unwilling to learn (active)
patata= potatoes
pattu = hare
pattuhalla = donkey
paþþa = be beautiful, be pretty (stative), gussy oneself up (active)
pigkilu = pencil
pinta = to fill
pilun = lead
piriþ = to die (stative), to die of self-neglect, to pine away (active)
puhai = twenty
===Q===
qaniq = willow trees
qaste = world
qintu = to see (stative), to watch (active)
qjammi = sky
qjinna = nature spirits
qjinnaq = nature spirit
-qku = instrumental applicative
-qpak = diminutive
Qwiqjaþ = Sweden
qwistu = winds
qwistuq = breeze, gust of wind
===R===
rassu = eight
rauna = to be silent (stative), to keep a secret (active)
riþþu = to have sang-froid (stative), to keep one's cool (active)
Riulu = August
russla = spirit, soul
-rusta = red, ginger
===S===
Samun = June
saspi = seven
Saturri = Saturday
saxwa = sun, day
silka = person, human being
Simissan = January
sirvintu = sergeant (OR-4)
sirvintuhalla = master sergeant (OR-5)
sirvintuvinja = chief sergeant (OR-6)
sinarva = gold
sinnak = fox
slaka = to be enslaved, to be in thrall (stative), to be indentured, to serve (active)
slahalmax = to rule, to command
slasu = to hear (stative), to listen (active)
-slempi = certain, sure
sluse = meat, flesh
srai = six
srispitri = Christian priest
Suli = Sunday
suttra = sugar
-sun = detransitiviser
sunik = snow
sunra = fingers, hand
sunrax = finger
suvi = strawberries
===T===
taha = sword
taikut = to name
taina = foot
-taina = allative applicative
tainu = tin
takku = to bring, to fetch
tamaþ = ten
Tammarki = Denmark
tansa = owl
Tilku = Thule
tianinta = tea
tlanta = children
tlamu = be ill (stative), become ill (active)
tlanu = throne
Tlusslu = the Squid Mother, the Ten-Armed Lady, Mistress of all Sea-Creatures, Thulean Goddess.
tramma = gram
tritta = skeleton, frame
trukin = hat
trunilu = colonel (OF-6)
truþ = three
tumati = tomato
===Þ===
þarja = wheel
þarjaqikwa = automobile
þatan = wing
Þistlat = Germany
Þuman = July
þurku = be bad, be poor in quality (stative), be wicked (active)
þurru = fist
===U===
Uirun = October
unnu = pillow
unnujakin = hovercraft
uruk = enemies
usse = gemstone
===V===
vagwa = to find (stative), to seek (active)
vakkan = rain
valþa = wolves
vanþu = peak, mountaintop, hilltop
varru = raven
vartu = cloak
vaski = to bundle up, to amass
vassli = wasp
vassliþatan = helicopter
vaþi = one
vaþirassu = eight
vau = and (conjoins two phrases)
Villat = Finland
Viniri = Friday
vinistra = window
-virri = new, young, fresh
virru = be short (stative), to shrink (active)
vika = bee
-vinja = old, mature, wise
vunnu = needle
vurku = badger
vurju = be yellow
vussu = mouth
vuta = house
===W===
wala = light
wiuru = amber
===Thulean Flags===
[[File:Thulean Flag.svg|200px|thumb|left|Thulean national flag]]
[[File:Thulean Flag Variant.svg|200px|thumb|left|Naval ensign]]
[[File:Thulean naval ensign center cross.svg|200px|thumb|left|Civil ensign]]
The footed Othala rune as used in Thulean iconography represents the Squid Goddess Tlusslu. In the alternate universe where Thule exists, Neo-Nazi groups have been rigorously discouraged from making use of this symbol. However, the Thuleans do tolerate the use of the footed Othala rune by Odinists, Asatruar and other adherents of Pagan religions.

Revision as of 22:51, 3 June 2017

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