User:Chrysophylax/YaLU: Difference between revisions
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The proclitic versions are '''ha-''', '''ńa-''', '''je-''', '''śi-''' in the singular and '''hee-''', '''ńee-''', '''mee-''' in the plural. | The proclitic versions are '''ha-''', '''ńa-''', '''je-''', '''śi-''' in the singular and '''hee-''', '''ńee-''', '''mee-''' in the plural. | ||
====Nouns==== | |||
Nouns are relatively simple, being marked for possession and number. The only major difference between animate and inanimate nouns is that only animate nouns may be pluralised. Inanimate nouns need to use a periphrastic construction to express plurality. | |||
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Derivational morphology | Derivational morphology | ||
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It is most prudent to begin with the temporal facet of verb construction for the verb is ever marked with a suitable tense, of which we are allowed to choose two: present and non-present. | It is most prudent to begin with the temporal facet of verb construction for the verb is ever marked with a suitable tense, of which we are allowed to choose two: present and non-present. | ||
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===Syntax=== | ===Syntax=== | ||
Revision as of 21:03, 17 June 2014
Background
Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plain | Ejective | Plain | Ejective | Palatalised | Plain | Ejective | |||
| Stop | b [p] p [pʰ] | ḇ [p’] | d [t] t [tʰ] | ḏ [t’] | d́ [tʲ] t́ [tʲʰ] | g [k] k [kʰ] | ḡ [g’] | ||
| Affricate | z [t͡s] | ẕ [t͡s’] | ź [t͡sʲ] | ||||||
| Fricative | v [v] | s [s̠̻] | ś [s̠̻ʲ] | h [h] | |||||
| Nasal | m [m] | n [n] | ń [nʲ] | ||||||
| Approximants | l [l] | ĺ [lʲ] | y/j [j] | w [w] | |||||
| Trills | r [r] | ||||||||
Notes
- /j/ is written with <y> before u, a, o but <j> everywhere else.
- The consonants r, l, w can all stand in for a vowel in a syllable core.
- The consonants s and n, have the following retroflex allophones after r: [ʂ], [ɳ]; e.g. prsaḏi ['pʰrʂat’i]
- The plain plosive stops, that is b, d, g may become semi-voiced between vowels and after n, m and l.
Vowels
Five vowels: a, e, i, o, u with long doublets aa, ee, ii, oo, uu.
Tone
Syllables can take one of three tones: rising, falling, plain or mid, indicated respectively by the acute, the grave and no accent.
| Plain | Rising | Falling |
|---|---|---|
| ḡaaj | ḡááj | ḡààj |
| [k’āːj] | [k’ǎːj] | [k’âːj] |
| "rock" | "who" | "elk" |
Phonotactics
Orthography
Grammar
Morphology
Pronouns
Pronouns come in primarily two shapes, independent and enclitic versions. The independent pronouns are used to emphasise and in certain syntactic constructions. The enclitic versions are used everywhere else. Furthermore, as this is a pro-drop language, they may be dropped from any given sentence if context allows it.
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| inclusive | exclusive | ||
| first | har | haryań | hammeḏ |
| second | yań | yaańńeḏ | |
| third | jee, śi | jeemeḏ | |
Notes
- Different pronouns are used for the third person depending on the referent's animacy. The word jee can only be used for animate referents and can be pluralised to jeemeḏ, whereas inanimate śi can solely appear with inanimates, e.g., úúlem śi … "the country, it…", and cannot be pluralised.
The proclitic versions are ha-, ńa-, je-, śi- in the singular and hee-, ńee-, mee- in the plural.
Nouns
Nouns are relatively simple, being marked for possession and number. The only major difference between animate and inanimate nouns is that only animate nouns may be pluralised. Inanimate nouns need to use a periphrastic construction to express plurality.
Syntax
In transitive sentences: verb-patient-agent. Also permits fronting of agent for emphasis, leading to agent-verb-patient. In intransitive sentences, verb-subject is the norm.