User:Juhhmi/Irbel: Difference between revisions

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'''Irbel''' /iɹ.vʲeʎ/ (or Westlang /ɚwəl/) is an ''a priori'' language isolate spoken in one of the Western Kingdoms of eastern Sword of Vortex.  
'''Irbel''' [iɻ.vʲeʎ] (or Westlang [ɚwəl]) is an ''a priori'' language isolate spoken in Lıutpaét [lʲʉspɘtʲ] of Western Kingdoms of eastern Sword of Vortex.  


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 5: Line 5:
===Consonants===
===Consonants===


There are twenty-one phonemically distinguished consonants since the palatalization process forms contrastive pairs.
There are twenty-? phonemically distinguished consonants since the palatalization process forms contrastive pairs.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
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! Alveolar
! Alveolar
! Post-alveolar
! Post-alveolar
! Retroflex
! Palatal
! Palatal
! Velar
! Velar
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| n
| n
|  
|  
|
| ɲ
| ɲ
|  
|  
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|-
|-
! Plosive
! Plosive
| p pʲ
| p pʰ pʲ
|  
|  
| t tʲ
| t tʰ tʲ
|  
|  
| c  
|
| k
| c cʰ
|  
| k kʰ
| ʔ 
|-
|-
! Fricative
! Fricative
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| s
| s
| ʒ
| ʒ
|
| ɕ ç
| ɕ ç
| x
| x
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|  
|  
|  
|  
| ɹ
|  
|  
|
| ɻ
| j
| j
|  
|  
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| r
| r
|  
|  
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|  
|  
|l lʲ   
|l lʲ   
|
|
|
|ʎ
|ʎ
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|}
|}


Affricates: /t͡ɕ/ and /d͡ʑ/
Affricates: [t͡ɕ] and [d͡ʑ]
 
Coarticulated consonants: [w], [ɥ] and [ɧ]
*According to the current Master of Spoken, '''Teakp Kwın''' [t͡ɕäxpʰ kuʉ̯ɲ], sound [ɧ] is realized as a combination of  [f̞]  [ʃ̞] and  [ç] and educational facilities follow her advice when correcting dialectal variaties and attempting to teach the sound to foreigners.
 
Dialectal variation:
*In northern ''Melıap'' [əɲeˈʎæpʰ] (Wolf) dialect, word-final, the not fully spirantized but aspirated plosives [pʰ], [tʰ], [cʰ] and [kʰ] have no audible release instead of aspiration:  [p̚ ],  [t̚ ],  [c̚] and  [k̚ ]. Example: ''Melıap''  [əɲəjˑɐp̚ ]. Western ''Teapín'' [tʲäpʲiɲ] (Salmon) shows the opposite trend by having all of its word-final consonants being pronounced as fricatives  [ɸ],  [θ],  [ç] and  [x]. Example: ''caco''  [kɑx] (reign) vs. ''cac''  [kəx] (type of fir tree) and ''Melıap''  [eɲeˈʎaˑɸ].


Coarticulated consonants: /w/, /ɥ/ and /ɧ/


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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====Monophthongs====
====Monophthongs====


There are six phonemic vowels of which four come in palatal/non-palatal allophone pairs.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center"
!  
!  
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! Close
! Close
| i y
| i y
| ʉ  
| ɨ: ʉ  
| u
| u
|-
|-
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| e ø
| e ø
| ɘ
| ɘ
|
| o
|-
|-
!Mid
!Mid
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====Diphthongs====
====Diphthongs====


Graphemes ''y'' and ''v'' in coda are used to form diphthongs ''ay'' /äɪ̯/, ''ey'' /ei̯/, ''av'' /ɑʊ̯/ and ''ev'' /øy̯/ which occur in both open and closed syllables (without or with coda). Normally between vowels, ''y'' forms a long semi-vowel /j:/ and ''v'' is /w~ɥ/ so the diphthong nature has to be indicated by ''h'' after ''y'' or ''v': ''aya'' /ɑj:ä/ vs. ''ayha'' /ɑʊ̯hɑ/.
Graphemes ''y'' and ''v'' in coda are used to form diphthongs ''ay'' [äɪ̯], ''ey'' [ei̯], ''av'' [ɑʊ̯] and ''ev'' [øy̯] which occur in both open and closed syllables (without or with coda).  
*Normally between vowels, ''y'' forms a long semi-vowel [j:] and ''v'' is [w~ɥ] so the diphthong nature has to be indicated by ''h'' after ''y'' or ''v'': ''aya'' [ɑj:ä] (child) vs. ''ayha'' [äɪ̯hɑ] (to boil).
*Grapheme ''w'' as a lone nucleus represents two diphthongs: word-initially ''w''C or ''wh''V is [ou̯] and word-medially [uʉ̯].
 
==Stress==
 
In most cases, primary stress falls on the first heavy syllable, i.e. syllable containing both onset and coda, or simply on the first syllable, if all the other syllables in the word are equally weighed. Some words, however, have their primary stress on an unusual syllable due to reduction and loss of phonemes (mostly consonant-preceding nasals), and this may be lexical: ''sacpéta'' [ˈsɑx.pʲe.tɑ] (Foehn wind) vs. [sɑxˈpʲe.tɑ] (miscellaneous)
 
Syllables containing long front vowels ''eu'' [ø:] or ''ıa'' [æ:] are always stressed: ''peutíc'' [ˈpʲø:.tʲiç] (stew).
 
Secondary stress is on the last heavy syllable or on the penultimate light syllable: ''cuítnucarbé'' [ˈkiɕnuˌkɑrvʲe] (temple portal).
 
Geminated consonants [n:], [ɲ:], [w:], [ɥ:] and [j:] won't trigger stress in a preceding syllable. If they come before the first heavy syllable in a word, they will be reduced into light syllables [-ʔə̃n-], [-ʔə̃ɲ-], [-ʔʉw-], [-ʔʉɥ-] and [-ʔɨj-]. Example: ''lawénat'' [lɑ.ʉɥeˈnɑtʰ] (cover) vs. ''cuıtcéwa'' [ˈkuɕ.cew:ɑ] (vision).
 
==Phonotactics==


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
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===Palatalization===
===Palatalization===


The language is written with a modified Westlang (Latin) alphabet script. Notable is the phonemic palatalization which naturally occurs in consonants before front vowels /e/ and /i/. Attempts to express the palatalization have accumulated into a complex system which was greatly simplified by Beate Lucuc /vʲäɕ lukux/ in year 521 of 7th era.
The language is written with a modified Westlang (Latin) alphabet script. Notable is the phonemic palatalization which naturally occurs in consonants before front vowels [e] and [i]. Attempts to express the palatalization have accumulated into a complex system which was greatly simplified by '''Beate Lucuc''' [vʲätʲ lukux] in year 521 of 7th era.


*"Mute" front vowels which trigger palatalization: close ''ı'' used with ''u'', and open ''e'' with ''a''. Can be used word-finally to change the last coda consonant into palatalized: ''caoc'' /kɑkʰ/ vs. ''caec'' /kɑcʰ/
*"Mute" front vowels which trigger palatalization: close ''ı'' used with ''u'', and open ''e'' with ''a''. Can be used word-finally to change the last coda consonant into palatalized: ''caco'' [kɑkʰ] (reign) vs. ''cace'' [kɑcʰ] (cat).
*"Mute" back vowel ''o'' occurs between vowels and non-palatalized or not fully spirantized coda: ''cac'' /kax/ vs. ''caoc'' /kakʰ/  
*"Mute" back vowel ''o'' occurs between vowels and non-palatalized or not fully spirantized coda: ''cac'' [kɑx] (type of fir tree) vs. ''caco'' [kɑkʰ].  
*Pronounced front vowels: ''í'' and ''é''. Use of ''u'' and ''a'' respectively with consonants, indicates that no palatilization occurs around ''í'' and ''é''.
*Pronounced front vowels: ''í'' and ''é''. Use of ''u'' and ''a'' respectively with consonants, indicates that no palatilization occurs around ''í'' and ''é''.
*Vowels ''ı'' and ''e'' can be used in single-syllable words in place of pronounced ''í'' and ''é'' if there is no risk of confusion: ''céc'' = ''cec''
*Vowels ''ı'' and ''e'' can be used in single-syllable words in place of pronounced ''í'' and ''é'' if there is no risk of confusion: ''céc'' = ''cec'' [ceç] (long), but ''catéta'' [kɑt͡ɕetɑ] (agree) ≠ ''cateta'' [kɑɕtɑ] (beautiful).
*Only two vowels are written in a same syllable. If palatalization of both onset and coda is required, both triggers are placed after the consonants: ''ceace'' /cäc/
*Only two vowels are written in a same syllable. If palatalization of both onset and coda is required, both triggers are placed after the consonants: ''ceace'' [cäcʰ] (shock). Notice, that the final palatal consonant is not spirantized as opposed to ''ateaf'' [ɑt͡ɕäç] (sneeze, "achoo").
*If a syllable has a front vowel as nucleus but both onset and coda not palatalized, ''h'' can be used to alter the coda instead of ''o'': ''caétaét'' /ketet͡ɕ/ vs. ''caétaéht'' /ketetʰ/
*If a syllable has a front vowel as nucleus but both onset and coda not palatalized, ''h'' can be used to alter the coda instead of ''o'': ''caétaét'' [ketetʲ] (thousand) vs. ''caétaéht'' or ''caétaéto'' [ketetʰ] (fever).


===Consonants===
===Consonant graphemes===


Word-final version are included after /, if they are different, and /* means that the grapheme isn't used word-finally.
Realization of different graphemes in a word, and * means that the grapheme is not used in the position with all .
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"  
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"  
|+Consonant pairs
|+Consonant pairs
|-
|-
!Grapheme
!rowspan="2"|Grapheme
!Plain
!colspan="3"|Plain
!Palatalized
!colspan="3"|Palatalized
|-
!Initial
!Before<br>consonants
!Word-final
!Initial
!Before<br>consonants
!Word-final
|-
|-
|p
|p
|p/pʰ
|p
|f
|pʰ
|pʲ
|fʲ
|pʲ
|pʲ
|-
|-
|b
|b
|v/f
|v
|vʲ/fʲ
|f
|f
|vʲ
|fʲ
|fʲ
|-
|-
|n
|n
|n
|*
|n
|n
|ɲ
|*
|ɲ
|ɲ
|-
|-
|t
|t
|t/tʰ
|t
|t͡ɕ/ɕ
|s
|tʰ
|t͡ɕ
|ɕ
|tʲ
|-
|-
|s
|s
|s
|s
|s
|s
|ɕ
|ɕ
|ɕ
|ɕ
|-
|-
|r
|r
|r
|r
|ɹ
|r
|r
|ɻ
|ɻ
|ɻ
|-
|-
|l
|l
|l
|l
|lʲ/ʎ
|l
|l
|lʲ
|ʎ
|ʎ
|-
|-
|c
|c
|k/x
|k
|c/ç
|x
|x
|c
|ç
|ç<sup>1.</sup>
|-
|-
|x/*
|x
|x
|x
|*
|*/x<sup>2.</sup>
|ç
|ç
|*
|*
|-
|-
|g
|g
|ks
|ʔs
|ks
|ks
|ɧ
|ɧ
|ç
|f
|-
|-
|j
|j
|j/ʒ
|j
|d͡ʑ/ʑ
|ʒ
|ʒ
|d͡ʑ
|ʑ
|ʑ
|-
|-
|v
|v
|w
|w
|*
|*<sup>3.</sup>
|ɥ
|ɥ
|*
|*<sup>3.</sup>
|}
|}


*Grapheme ''v'' is only used in codas after ''a'' and ''e'' to indicate the diphthongs /ɑʊ̯/ and /øy̯/.
# After back vowels, palatalized ''c'' is not fully spirantized [ç], but weakly aspirated [cʰ]. Ligatures ''f'' and ''k'' are [ç] after ''a'' and ''u'' respectively. See [[User:Juhhmi/Irbel#Digraphs|Digraphs]]
# Grapheme ''x'' [x] comes word-finally only after front vowels but it is treated as plain.
# Grapheme ''v'' is only used in codas after ''a'' and ''e'' to indicate the diphthongs [ɑʊ̯] and [øy̯].


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"
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!Phoneme
!Phoneme
!Notes
!Notes
!Origin
|-
|-
|q
|q
|kɘ
|kɘ
|
|
|''ce''
|-
|-
|d
|d
|kɪ
|kɪ
|
|
|''cı''
|-
|-
|f
|f
|ç
|ç
|After a
|After a
|''ec''
|-
|-
|k
|k
|ç
|ç
|After u
|After u
|''ıc''
|-
|-
|m
|m
|n:
|n:/ɲ:
|Between vowels
|Between vowels
|''nn''
|-
|-
|w
|w
|w:/ɥ:
|w:/ɥ:
|Between back/front vowels
|Between back/front vowels
|''uu''
|-
|-
|y
|y/ÿ
|j:
|j:
|Between vowels
|Between vowels
|''íj''
|}
|}


*Word-initial ''w'' before a back vowel is realized as /əw-/ and before front vowels as /əɥ-/. Word-initial ''y'' is similarly /əj-/ and ''m'' is /ən-/. In coda, ''y'' is used only after ''a'' and ''e'' for diphthongs /äɪ̯/ and /ei̯/ respectively
*If long consonants ''m'' /N:/, ''w'' /W:/ and ''y'' [j:] come before the first heavy syllable in a word, they undergo reduction which gives rise to light syllables: ''lawénat'' [lɑ'''.ʉɥ'''eˈnɑtʰ] (cover), ''témuyapacté'' [t͡ɕe'''.ə̃n'''u'''.ɨj'''äˈpɑx.t͡ɕe] (funeral ceremony)
*Word-initial ''w'' before a back vowel is realized as [əw-] and before front vowels as [əɥ-]. Word-initial ''y'' is similarly [əj-] and ''m'' is [ən-]. In coda, ''y'' is used only after ''a'' and ''e'' for diphthongs [äɪ̯] and [ei̯] respectively


===Vowels===
===Vowel graphemes===


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"
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|}
|}


Glottal fricative /h/ separates pronounced vowels in pronunciation: ''cíu'' /cihu/
*Glottal fricative [h] always separates pronounced vowels in pronunciation and is inserted as grapheme ''h'' if more than two vowels would line: ''cíu'' [cihu] (flow) vs. ''cíhuıt'' [cihutʲ] (imagine)
 
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+Ligatures
!Grapheme
!Phoneme
!Notes
!Origin
|-
|w
|ou̯/uʉ̯
|word-initially/-medially
|''uu''
|-
|y
|ɨ:
|
|''íj''
|-
|æ
|ɑ+ʲ
|
|''ae''
|-
|G
|ʲä
|rare
|''ea''
|-
|ú
|u+ʲ
|
|''uı''
|-
|ɯ
|ʲʉ
|rare
|''ıu''
|}
 
*When used as lone nuclei, these diphthongs won't trigger palatalization by themselves and palatalization has to be indicated by ı. If followed by a vowel, ''h'' is placed after the grapheme: ''tyıp'' [tɨ:pʲ] (settlement) vs. ''cyhíp'' [kɨ:hipʲ] (pinnacle)


===Digraphs===
===Digraphs===


Examples of the use of ''e'' and ''ı'' with consonants.
Examples of the use of ''e'' and ''ı'' with consonants.


{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"  
{|class="bluetable lightbluebg"  
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|av
|av
|ɑʊ̯
|ɑʊ̯
|
|Before vowels: ''avh''
|-
|-
|ev
|ev
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|Stressed syllable,<br>considered as front vowel
|Stressed syllable,<br>considered as front vowel
|-
|-
|ia
|ıa
|æ
|æ
|Similarly to ''eu''
|Similarly to ''eu''
|}
|}


Examples: ''cıuq'' /cʉkɘ/, ''cíu'' /cihu/, ''cead'' /cäkɪ/, ''céa'' /cehɑ/
*All diphthongs are separated from vowels following them with ''h''.
*Consonant and the palatilization]plosivation vowel may change places.
 
Examples: ''cıuq'' [cʉkɘ] (sleeve), ''cíu'' [cihu] (flow), ''cead'' [cäkɪ] (neck), ''céa'' [cehɑ] (mock)
 
===Balancing===
 
The construction of words according to previous orthographic rules is called ''Magés'' [ənɑɧeɕ] or "balancing". How the vowels are distributed into words... Neutral forms; aesthetic variation in poems (word art with meaning-changing accents?)
 
*Symbols: C consonant, P palatal consonant, É front vowel, A back vowel, I palatal trigger, U non-palatal trigger, O non-palatal(2nd)]non-spirantized trigger, L ligature
*CAPI & PÉCO; PIAC & CUÉP
*
 
==Grammar==
 
 
==Syntax==

Latest revision as of 19:55, 4 July 2015

Irbel [iɻ.vʲeʎ] (or Westlang [ɚwəl]) is an a priori language isolate spoken in Lıutpaét [lʲʉspɘtʲ] of Western Kingdoms of eastern Sword of Vortex.

Phonology

Consonants

There are twenty-? phonemically distinguished consonants since the palatalization process forms contrastive pairs.

Bilabial Labio-dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal n ɲ
Plosive p pʰ pʲ t tʰ tʲ c cʰ k kʰ ʔ
Fricative f fʲ v vʲ s ʒ ɕ ç x h
Approximant ɻ j
Trill r
Lateral approximant l lʲ ʎ

Affricates: [t͡ɕ] and [d͡ʑ]

Coarticulated consonants: [w], [ɥ] and [ɧ]

  • According to the current Master of Spoken, Teakp Kwın [t͡ɕäxpʰ kuʉ̯ɲ], sound [ɧ] is realized as a combination of [f̞] [ʃ̞] and [ç] and educational facilities follow her advice when correcting dialectal variaties and attempting to teach the sound to foreigners.

Dialectal variation:

  • In northern Melıap [əɲeˈʎæpʰ] (Wolf) dialect, word-final, the not fully spirantized but aspirated plosives [pʰ], [tʰ], [cʰ] and [kʰ] have no audible release instead of aspiration: [p̚ ], [t̚ ], [c̚] and [k̚ ]. Example: Melıap [əɲəjˑɐp̚ ]. Western Teapín [tʲäpʲiɲ] (Salmon) shows the opposite trend by having all of its word-final consonants being pronounced as fricatives [ɸ], [θ], [ç] and [x]. Example: caco [kɑx] (reign) vs. cac [kəx] (type of fir tree) and Melıap [eɲeˈʎaˑɸ].


Vowels

Monophthongs

Front Central Back
Close i y ɨ: ʉ u
Near-close ɪ
Close-mid e ø ɘ o
Mid ə
Near-open æ
Open ä ɑ

Diphthongs

Graphemes y and v in coda are used to form diphthongs ay [äɪ̯], ey [ei̯], av [ɑʊ̯] and ev [øy̯] which occur in both open and closed syllables (without or with coda).

  • Normally between vowels, y forms a long semi-vowel [j:] and v is [w~ɥ] so the diphthong nature has to be indicated by h after y or v: aya [ɑj:ä] (child) vs. ayha [äɪ̯hɑ] (to boil).
  • Grapheme w as a lone nucleus represents two diphthongs: word-initially wC or whV is [ou̯] and word-medially [uʉ̯].

Stress

In most cases, primary stress falls on the first heavy syllable, i.e. syllable containing both onset and coda, or simply on the first syllable, if all the other syllables in the word are equally weighed. Some words, however, have their primary stress on an unusual syllable due to reduction and loss of phonemes (mostly consonant-preceding nasals), and this may be lexical: sacpéta [ˈsɑx.pʲe.tɑ] (Foehn wind) vs. [sɑxˈpʲe.tɑ] (miscellaneous)

Syllables containing long front vowels eu [ø:] or ıa [æ:] are always stressed: peutíc [ˈpʲø:.tʲiç] (stew).

Secondary stress is on the last heavy syllable or on the penultimate light syllable: cuítnucarbé [ˈkiɕnuˌkɑrvʲe] (temple portal).

Geminated consonants [n:], [ɲ:], [w:], [ɥ:] and [j:] won't trigger stress in a preceding syllable. If they come before the first heavy syllable in a word, they will be reduced into light syllables [-ʔə̃n-], [-ʔə̃ɲ-], [-ʔʉw-], [-ʔʉɥ-] and [-ʔɨj-]. Example: lawénat [lɑ.ʉɥeˈnɑtʰ] (cover) vs. cuıtcéwa [ˈkuɕ.cew:ɑ] (vision).

Phonotactics

Orthography

Palatalization

The language is written with a modified Westlang (Latin) alphabet script. Notable is the phonemic palatalization which naturally occurs in consonants before front vowels [e] and [i]. Attempts to express the palatalization have accumulated into a complex system which was greatly simplified by Beate Lucuc [vʲätʲ lukux] in year 521 of 7th era.

  • "Mute" front vowels which trigger palatalization: close ı used with u, and open e with a. Can be used word-finally to change the last coda consonant into palatalized: caco [kɑkʰ] (reign) vs. cace [kɑcʰ] (cat).
  • "Mute" back vowel o occurs between vowels and non-palatalized or not fully spirantized coda: cac [kɑx] (type of fir tree) vs. caco [kɑkʰ].
  • Pronounced front vowels: í and é. Use of u and a respectively with consonants, indicates that no palatilization occurs around í and é.
  • Vowels ı and e can be used in single-syllable words in place of pronounced í and é if there is no risk of confusion: céc = cec [ceç] (long), but catéta [kɑt͡ɕetɑ] (agree) ≠ cateta [kɑɕtɑ] (beautiful).
  • Only two vowels are written in a same syllable. If palatalization of both onset and coda is required, both triggers are placed after the consonants: ceace [cäcʰ] (shock). Notice, that the final palatal consonant is not spirantized as opposed to ateaf [ɑt͡ɕäç] (sneeze, "achoo").
  • If a syllable has a front vowel as nucleus but both onset and coda not palatalized, h can be used to alter the coda instead of o: caétaét [ketetʲ] (thousand) vs. caétaéht or caétaéto [ketetʰ] (fever).

Consonant graphemes

Realization of different graphemes in a word, and * means that the grapheme is not used in the position with all .

Consonant pairs
Grapheme Plain Palatalized
Initial Before
consonants 		Word-final Initial Before
consonants 		Word-final
p p f pʰ pʲ fʲ pʲ
b v f f vʲ fʲ fʲ
n n * n ɲ * ɲ
t t s tʰ t͡ɕ ɕ tʲ
s s s s ɕ ɕ ɕ
r r r r ɻ ɻ ɻ
l l l l lʲ ʎ ʎ
c k x x c ç ç1.
x x * */x2. ç * *
g ks ʔs ks ɧ ç f
j j ʒ ʒ d͡ʑ ʑ ʑ
v w * *3. ɥ * *3.
  1. After back vowels, palatalized c is not fully spirantized [ç], but weakly aspirated [cʰ]. Ligatures f and k are [ç] after a and u respectively. See Digraphs
  2. Grapheme x [x] comes word-finally only after front vowels but it is treated as plain.
  3. Grapheme v is only used in codas after a and e to indicate the diphthongs [ɑʊ̯] and [øy̯].
Ligatures
Grapheme Phoneme Notes Origin
q kɘ ce
d kɪ cı
f ç After a ec
k ç After u ıc
m n:/ɲ: Between vowels nn
w w:/ɥ: Between back/front vowels uu
y/ÿ j: Between vowels íj
  • If long consonants m /N:/, w /W:/ and y [j:] come before the first heavy syllable in a word, they undergo reduction which gives rise to light syllables: lawénat [lɑ.ʉɥeˈnɑtʰ] (cover), témuyapacté [t͡ɕe.ə̃nu.ɨjäˈpɑx.t͡ɕe] (funeral ceremony)
  • Word-initial w before a back vowel is realized as [əw-] and before front vowels as [əɥ-]. Word-initial y is similarly [əj-] and m is [ən-]. In coda, y is used only after a and e for diphthongs [äɪ̯] and [ei̯] respectively

Vowel graphemes

Grapheme With consonants
not palatalized: palatalized:
a ɑ ä
u u ʉ
é ɘ e
í ɪ i
  • Glottal fricative [h] always separates pronounced vowels in pronunciation and is inserted as grapheme h if more than two vowels would line: cíu [cihu] (flow) vs. cíhuıt [cihutʲ] (imagine)
Ligatures
Grapheme Phoneme Notes Origin
w ou̯/uʉ̯ word-initially/-medially uu
y ɨ: íj
æ ɑ+ʲ ae
G ʲä rare ea
ú u+ʲ uı
ɯ ʲʉ rare ıu
  • When used as lone nuclei, these diphthongs won't trigger palatalization by themselves and palatalization has to be indicated by ı. If followed by a vowel, h is placed after the grapheme: tyıp [tɨ:pʲ] (settlement) vs. cyhíp [kɨ:hipʲ] (pinnacle)

Digraphs

Examples of the use of e and ı with consonants.

Grapheme Phoneme Notes
cı c Before u
cʰ After u, e and i
ce c Before a
cʰ After a
oc kʰ Word-finally
ot tʰ After e and i
op pʰ After e and i
av ɑʊ̯ Before vowels: avh
ev øy̯
ay äɪ̯
ey ei̯
eu ø Stressed syllable,
considered as front vowel
ıa æ Similarly to eu
  • All diphthongs are separated from vowels following them with h.
  • Consonant and the palatilization]plosivation vowel may change places.

Examples: cıuq [cʉkɘ] (sleeve), cíu [cihu] (flow), cead [cäkɪ] (neck), céa [cehɑ] (mock)

Balancing

The construction of words according to previous orthographic rules is called Magés [ənɑɧeɕ] or "balancing". How the vowels are distributed into words... Neutral forms; aesthetic variation in poems (word art with meaning-changing accents?)

  • Symbols: C consonant, P palatal consonant, É front vowel, A back vowel, I palatal trigger, U non-palatal trigger, O non-palatal(2nd)]non-spirantized trigger, L ligature
  • CAPI & PÉCO; PIAC & CUÉP

Grammar

Syntax

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