User:Juhhmi/Ljopva: Difference between revisions
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | ||
! | ! | ||
! Bilabial | ! Bilabial | ||
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! Palatal | ! Palatal | ||
! Velar | ! Velar | ||
! Glottal | ! Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| ɲ | | ɲ | ||
| ŋ | | ŋ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| c | | c | ||
| k | | k | ||
| ʔ | | ʔ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Fricative | ! Fricative | ||
| | | | ||
| | | f | ||
| | | | ||
| ʂ | | ʂ | ||
| ç | | ç ʑ | ||
| x | | x | ||
| h | | h | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| | | | ||
|j | |j | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Lateral fricative | ! Lateral fricative | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
Co-articulated consonants: k͡p | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
====Monophthongs==== | ====Monophthongs==== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | ||
! | ! | ||
! Front | ! Front | ||
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| ɔ | | ɔ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | !Open | ||
|a | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Sound changes=== | |||
lordlang>godlang>old spellang>spellang; old spellang loans into old ljopva>ljopva | |||
*ku>kʷ><br>kʷe>k͡ve>k͡ⱱɛ>k͡ⱱa>ⱱa<br>kʷ/V_∅>w | |||
*ka>xa | |||
*gu>gʷ>k͡p | |||
*g/V_V>k; g/V_∅>ɰ>x | |||
*b>β>w | |||
*p/∅_V>pʋ>p̪; p/V_V>pʋ>ⱱ | |||
*pr>ʙ | |||
*m>ɱ | |||
*n/_V[rounded]>ɳ | |||
*n/_V[front]>ɲ | |||
*n/_k>ŋ | |||
*ŋkʷ>ŋw>ŋ͡ʋ>ŋ͡ɱ>ɱ | |||
*s/V_∅>ç>h>:<br>s/_V[front vowel]>ɕ; s/_V[back vowel]>ʂ | |||
*sʷ>sʋ>sf><br>>f<br>sf/i_∅>s͡f (whistle) | |||
*l/_V[rounded]>ɭ | |||
*lʷ>ɭ | |||
*ls>lɬ>ɬ | |||
*li/V_>lj>j | |||
*t/V_V>ɾ<br>ɾ/_V[back]>ɽ; ɾ/_V[front]>ʔ | |||
*t/_V[rounded]>ʈ | |||
*ti>tʲi>ci | |||
*ki>ci | |||
*ci/[unstressed]>çi>ɕi<br>ɕi/V_∅>ɕ; ɕi/V_C>ʝ>j; ɕi/V_V>ʑ | |||
*ɛ>a | |||
*e>ɛ; ɛ/C[labio-dental]_>a | |||
*ʌ>ɔ | |||
*i>ɨ | |||
*ɯ>u>ɵ | |||
*u>o>ɤ | |||
==Phonotactics== | ==Phonotactics== | ||
Syllables require onset | Syllables require an onset, which can't be a flap or tap, | ||
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===Stress=== | ===Stress=== | ||
===Tone=== | |||
Only in eastern dialects: e.g. ''ti'' /cí/ vs. ''ki'' /cì/ | |||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||
===Native script=== | ===Native script=== | ||
Written from right to left in zigzag rows consisting of hexagons. Logographic symbols, loaned from Spellang, form the nucleus of writing: the symbols are surrounded by a six-place template for morphemic symbols tied with the core to form expressions and clauses. | |||
===Romanization=== | ===Romanization=== | ||
| Line 161: | Line 193: | ||
===Noun=== | ===Noun=== | ||
====Class=== | ====Class==== | ||
concept | expressed by the first consonant | ||
*concept (laterals) | |||
*coreful, animate (fricatives) | |||
* coreless, inanimate (plosives) | |||
coreful inanimates loan words from spellang | coreful inanimates loan words from spellang | ||
| Line 182: | Line 217: | ||
====Mood==== | ====Mood==== | ||
potentials: physical vs. magical | potentials: physical vs. magical | ||
evidentials: visual, sensory, hearsay, foretelling | |||
evidentials: visual, sensory, hearsay, foretelling (--> destiny?) | |||
relative form: "brown is-(relative), cat-(topic) there sits" (The cat, which is brown, sits there.) | |||
contrastive form: "good with-drawing I-am, bad with-sports I-am-(contrastive)" (I'm good at drawing but bad at sports.) vs. "good with-drawing I-am-(contrastive), bad pens I-have" (I'm good at drawing even though I have bad pens.") | |||
===Topic=== | ===Topic=== | ||
Latest revision as of 19:53, 5 November 2014
Ljopva or Ḷoṗa /ɭɔⱱɐ/ is an a priori language spoken in the fantasy world Akekata. The speakers of Ljopva reside on the Twin Islands, which have been blamed by central spellcasters and major religions for allowing the practice of "evil" forms of sorcery. The language can be described as isolative-fusional, head-final, topic-prominent, split-S and having a free word order with AOV being the most frequent.
Phonology
Consonants
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | ɱ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Plosive | p̪ | ʈ | c | k | ʔ | ||
| Fricative | f | ʂ | ç ʑ | x | h | ||
| Approximant | j | ||||||
| Trill | ʙ | ||||||
| Flap or tap | ⱱ | ɽ | |||||
| Lateral fricative | ɬ | ||||||
| Lateral approximant | l | ɭ |
Co-articulated consonants: k͡p
Vowels
Monophthongs
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | ɨ | ||
| Close-mid | ɵ | ɤ | |
| Mid | e | ||
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | a |
Sound changes
lordlang>godlang>old spellang>spellang; old spellang loans into old ljopva>ljopva
- ku>kʷ>
kʷe>k͡ve>k͡ⱱɛ>k͡ⱱa>ⱱa
kʷ/V_∅>w - ka>xa
- gu>gʷ>k͡p
- g/V_V>k; g/V_∅>ɰ>x
- b>β>w
- p/∅_V>pʋ>p̪; p/V_V>pʋ>ⱱ
- pr>ʙ
- m>ɱ
- n/_V[rounded]>ɳ
- n/_V[front]>ɲ
- n/_k>ŋ
- ŋkʷ>ŋw>ŋ͡ʋ>ŋ͡ɱ>ɱ
- s/V_∅>ç>h>:
s/_V[front vowel]>ɕ; s/_V[back vowel]>ʂ - sʷ>sʋ>sf>
>f
sf/i_∅>s͡f (whistle) - l/_V[rounded]>ɭ
- lʷ>ɭ
- ls>lɬ>ɬ
- li/V_>lj>j
- t/V_V>ɾ
ɾ/_V[back]>ɽ; ɾ/_V[front]>ʔ - t/_V[rounded]>ʈ
- ti>tʲi>ci
- ki>ci
- ci/[unstressed]>çi>ɕi
ɕi/V_∅>ɕ; ɕi/V_C>ʝ>j; ɕi/V_V>ʑ - ɛ>a
- e>ɛ; ɛ/C[labio-dental]_>a
- ʌ>ɔ
- i>ɨ
- ɯ>u>ɵ
- u>o>ɤ
Phonotactics
Syllables require an onset, which can't be a flap or tap,
Suprasegmentals
Stress
Tone
Only in eastern dialects: e.g. ti /cí/ vs. ki /cì/
Orthography
Native script
Written from right to left in zigzag rows consisting of hexagons. Logographic symbols, loaned from Spellang, form the nucleus of writing: the symbols are surrounded by a six-place template for morphemic symbols tied with the core to form expressions and clauses.
Romanization
Morphophonology
processes when combining
Morphology
Pronoun
Noun
Class
expressed by the first consonant
- concept (laterals)
- coreful, animate (fricatives)
- coreless, inanimate (plosives)
coreful inanimates loan words from spellang
Particles
- agentive for agents of transitive verbs and volitional subjects of intransitive verbs
- possessive
Adjective
Verb
Tense
Aspect
Mood
potentials: physical vs. magical
evidentials: visual, sensory, hearsay, foretelling (--> destiny?)
relative form: "brown is-(relative), cat-(topic) there sits" (The cat, which is brown, sits there.)
contrastive form: "good with-drawing I-am, bad with-sports I-am-(contrastive)" (I'm good at drawing but bad at sports.) vs. "good with-drawing I-am-(contrastive), bad pens I-have" (I'm good at drawing even though I have bad pens.")
Topic
Presentation
Referring
once a topic has been presented, it is the one being referred to and the topic of relative clauses
Syntax
Word order
- PV or AV in intransitive
- APV in transitive
- AP1VP2 or AP1P2V in ditransitive (where P1 is the theme and P2 is the recipient)