Yudith: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(Created page with "Category:Languages Category:Conlangs Category:Indo-European_languages Category:Germanic_languages {{Infobox language |name = Yudith |nativename = Χιυδισκα |state = Greece, Albania (North Epirus), small communities elsewhere |created = 2024 |familycolor = Indo-European |fam2 = Germanic |fam3 = South Germanic |fam4 = Germano-Pindian Dia...")
 
mNo edit summary
 
(2 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 27: Line 27:
}}
}}


'''The Yudith language''' (Autoglossonym: ''Χιυδισκα'' [çyˈðiska]) is a South Germanic language spoken in much of Northern Greece and South Albania descended directly from [[w:Proto-Germanic|Proto-Germanic]]. The language arrived in its present territory at circa 200 BCE, when Germanic settlers emigrated from the modern region of Bavaria in the Balkans. It is the southernmost Germanic language in Europe and the only extant member of the South Germanic languages (The other South Germanic language, Untherjudiskáth, went extinct in the 18th century).
'''The Yudith language''' (Autoglossonym: ''Χιυδισκα'' [çyˈðiska]) is a South [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic]] language spoken in much of Northern [[w:Greece|Greece]] and South [[w:Albania|Albania]] descended directly from [[w:Proto-Germanic|Proto-Germanic]]. The language arrived in its present territory at circa 200 BCE, when Germanic settlers emigrated from the modern region of Bavaria in the Balkans. It is the southernmost Germanic language in Europe and the only extant member of the South Germanic languages (The other South Germanic language, Untherjudiskáth, went extinct in the 18th century).


Yudith, as a Germanic language, is related to many other languages in Europe such as Norwegian, English, German, Swedish and Saxon. The differences between Yudith and English, if lexical borrows are to be excluded, is similar to that of Italian and Spanish. Yudith is most closely related, outside of the South Germanic languages, to [[w:Gothic|Gothic]], an [[w:East_Germanic_languages|East Germanic]] language, having split at around the same time.
Yudith, as a Germanic language, is related to many other languages in Europe such as Norwegian, English, German, Swedish and Saxon. The differences between Yudith and English, if lexical borrows are to be excluded, is similar to that of Italian and Spanish. Yudith is most closely related, outside of the South Germanic languages, to [[w:Gothic|Gothic]], an [[w:East_Germanic_languages|East Germanic]] language, having split at around the same time.
Line 33: Line 33:
==Etymology==
==Etymology==
The language’s name comes from Proto-Germanic ''*þiudiskaz'' (Of the people), and, as such, is cognate with words like “Dutch” and “Deutsch” (In German). The name itself was borrowed from another South Germanic conlang as the initial /ç/ cannot be explained with the sound changes that took place in Yudith.
The language’s name comes from Proto-Germanic ''*þiudiskaz'' (Of the people), and, as such, is cognate with words like “Dutch” and “Deutsch” (In German). The name itself was borrowed from another South Germanic conlang as the initial /ç/ cannot be explained with the sound changes that took place in Yudith.
==Phonology==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Consonants in Yudith
|-
! rowspan="2" |↓ Manner/Place →
! colspan="1" |Bilabial
! colspan="1" |Labiodental
! colspan="1" |Dental
! colspan="1" |Alveolar
! colspan="1" |Palato-alveolar
! colspan="1" |Palatal
! colspan="1" |Velar
! colspan="1" |Uvular
|-
! colspan="1" |m
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |n
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |ŋ
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
|-
! colspan="1" |b p
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |d t
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |c
! colspan="1" |k g
! colspan="1" |
|-
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |f v
! colspan="1" |θ ð
! colspan="1" |s z
! colspan="1" |ʃ ʒ
! colspan="1" |ç
! colspan="1" |ɣ
! colspan="1" |χ
|-
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |ɾ
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
|-
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |l
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" | j
! colspan="1" |
! colspan="1" |
|}
==Alphabet and Orthography==
The Grekelin alphabet consists of 24 letters, six of which are vowels and 18 are consonants.
<center>
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="24" | Letters of the Grekelin alphabet
|-
| Aa (/ɑ/) || Bb (/b/) || Cc (/t͡s/) || Dd (/d/) || Ee (/ɛ/) || Ff (/f/) || Gg (/g/) || Hh (/x/) || Yy (/y/)<ref name=YPronc /> || Ii (/i/) || Kk (/k/) || Ll (/ɫ/) || Mm (/m/) || Nn (/n/) || Οο (/o/) || Pp (/p/) || Rr (/r/) || Ss (/s/) || Jj (/j/) || Tt (/t/) || Uu (/u/) || Vv (/v/) || Zz (/z/)
|}
</center>
The letters correspond always to their pronunciation. The Grekelin orthography is considered a [[w:phonetic orthography|phonetic]], as opposed to deep orthographies like [[w:French orthography|French's]].
In addition, the following digraphs are used within the language:
<center>
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="4" | Digraphs in Grekelin orthography
|-
| Ei (When behind a consonant or ο, it makes the /ji/ sound) || Chs (Makes the /ks/ sound) || Zs (Makes the /ʑ/ sound) || Sz (Makes the /ɕ/ sound)
|}
</center>
The Grekelin orthography was (yet again) reformed recently, as part of a larger reform within the conlang. As a result, some texts that preexisted on the internet may not comply with the modern form of the language.
==Grammar==
The grammar of Grekelin is generally very simple and consistent. It is very conservative compared to Greek (Or dialects of it), eg. by retaining the old imperative. The most outstanding feature would probably be that of vowel harmony, which is found at least in both the standard and slavic dialects, and possibly evolved from the extensive Hungarian adstratum.
===Articles===
Grekelin has both indefinite and definite articles, which are inflected exclusively based on the number and the noun ending.
<center>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Articles in Grekelin
|-
! Ending !! Definite Article !! Indefinite Article !! Plural Form
|-
| -i noun ending || E /ε/ || eni /ˈɛɳi/ || Ek /ek/
|-
| Other noun endings || To /to/ || en /ɛɳ/ || Ta
|}
</center>
===Cases===
Grekelin has 4 cases: Nominative, genitive, accusative and vocative. In the Slavic dialect, another case exists, the dative case. Remember that Grekelin has developed vowel harmony in the language so while the endings here are influenced by the nearby vowels, other words may have different inflections.
<center>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Noun cases in Grekelin
|-
! Case !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || To gnudzsa || Ta gnudzsuk
|-
| Genitive || Ca gnudzsus || Co gnudzsun
|-
| Accusative || Ecs gnudzsa || Ecs gnudzsuk
|-
| Vocative || O gnudzsa || Oh gnudzse
|}
</center>
Nouns ending in -i are slightly different but overall not very hard:
<center>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Noun cases in Grekelin (With -i ending)
|-
! Case !! Singular !! Plural
|-
| Nominative || E kukli || Ek kukliok
|-
| Genitive || Ci kuklu || Co kuklun
|-
| Accusative || Ecs kuklí || Ecs kuklun
|-
| Vocative || Oh kuklí || Oh kuklíe
|}
</center>
===Verbs===
Verbs in Grekelin have tense, number and voice inflection. For this reason, they are highly irregular yet they carry much more information than English verbs. Here is the verb "peio" (To create, make) inflected by voice and number:
<center>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Verb inflection in Grekelin
|-
!            !! Singular !! Plural !! Passive (Singular) !! Passive (Plural)
|-
| 1st person || Peió    || Peiómen || Epeióme    || Epeiómetta
|-
| 2nd person || Peié    || Peiéte  || Peióse    || Epeiósase
|-
| 3rd person || Peiei    || Peíanda || Peiándande || Epeiándande
|}
</center>
A tense inflection table (Grekelin has 4 tenses: Present, Aorist,  and Future. One interesting feature that is inherited all the way from [[w:Proto-Indo-European|PIE]] is the [[w: Indo-European ablaut|ablaut system]] which is used especially in the past tenses instead of suffixes.
<center>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Verb tenses in Grekelin
|-
!            !! Present  !! Aorist !! Imperfect !! Future
|-
| 1st person || Peió    || Ipeia    || Ipeiamane    || Enna Peiso
|-
| 2nd person || Peié    || Ipeiate  || Ipeiate      || Enna Peise
|-
| 3rd person || Peiei    || Ipeiande || Ipeian      || Enna Peisei
|-
| 1st plural person || Peiómen || Ipeiamen    || (Same as past perfect) || Enna peiomen
|-
| 2nd plural person || Peiéte  || Ipeiande    || (Same as past perfect) || Enna peiete
|-
| 3rd plural person || Peíen  || Ipeiane    || (Same as past perfect) || Enna peien
|}
</center>
Additional tenses (Such as the perfect and the pluperfect and many others) are often found especially in colloquial speech, in a way similar to English (Standard '''Ipeia''' (I made) vs Colloquial '''Peio eo''' (I have made), literally "I made I have").
==Geographic Distribution and Demographics==
Grekelin today has about 100 thousand speakers, spread out in Hungary, Serbia and a tiny minority in Slovakia. It forms the majority language in villages of [[w:North Banat|North Banat]] and some spread out parts of [[w:Slovakia|Slovakia]]. It forms a significant language in Hungary (where the standard dialect evolved too). The populations of Serbia and Slovakia speak the Slavic dialect whereas the Hungarian population speaks the Standard dialect, although the dialect does not change by the border.
==Evolution==
===Vowels===
Grekelin preserved all Medieval Greek vowels (Thanks to shared phonology with Hungarian). Depending on the dialect, vowel length did evolve (Usually where the stress fell), however Standard Grekelin does not enforce vowel length distinction in any vowel. ('íosz' (son) and 'iosz' (death) are the same except for the first vowel, which is a long one in son).
One of the most common evolutions in both Grekelin and Greek dialects is raising the unstressed [o] into a [u].
===Consonants===
Many consonants underwent a very regular but much more extensive evolution found in most Greek dialects, called Tsitakismos, where /k/ and /c/ are palatalized. Modern Grekelin further merged many consonants and clusters in words into /d͡ʑ/, such as /ks/, /z/, /n/, /k/ and /ɣ/. /l/ became entirely /ɫ/, something only common in Macedonia then. Finally, in Old Grekelin, if the preceding letter was a consonant, /v/ became /β/.
Metathesis is very common in the language too, as consonant clusters are often split apart eg. Greek '''Αλεύρι''' vs Grekelin '''Alevir'''.
Many fricatives were lost in Grekelin, becoming their plosive counterpart. This is one of the ways to distinguish a Greek and a Grekelin word. Compare the word "generous" in both languages:<br>
'''Greek''': Γενναιόδωρος (/ɣe.ne.ˈo.ðo.ɾos/)<br>
'''Grekelin''': Geneodorra (/gɛ.nɛ.o.ˈdo.ra/)
===Grammar===
Grekelin melted down much of Greek grammar, including the deletion of genders and moods. In addition, Grekelin is slowly turning from a fusional language to an agglutinative one:
# Greek: '''Είδα τους ανθρώπους'''
# Grekelin: '''Ta leottek ivlia''' (Literally "The humans I saw")
==Words==
===Numbers===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! English || Grekelin || Pronunciation (IPA)
|-
| 0 || Miden || '''[miˈdɛn]'''
|-
| 1 || Jena || '''[ˈjɛna]'''
|-
| 2 || Djo || '''[dʲo]'''
|-
| 3 || Tria || '''[ˈtria]'''
|-
| 4 || Tessera || '''[ˈtɛssera]'''
|-
| 5 || Pend || '''[pɛnd]'''
|-
| 6 || Jechs || '''[jɛks]'''
|-
| 7 || Jefta || '''[jɛˈftɑ]'''
|-
| 8 || Juhto || '''[juˈxto]'''
|-
| 9 || Enya || '''[ɛˈɲɑ]'''
|-
| 10 || Decka || '''[ˈdɛka]'''
|-
|}
===Conversation===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! English (''Egzlezikin'') || Grekelin (''Grekelenikin'') || Pronunciation (IPA)
|-
| Yes || ''Ne'' || /nɛ/
|-
| No || ''Uk'' || /uk/
|-
| Hello! || ''Dzsóvorzo!'' (Formal) / ''Gya!'' (Informal) || /'d͡ʑovorzo/ /ɟɑː/
|-
| Good morning! || ''Dzso regetti!'' || /d͡ʑo rɛ.ˈgɛ.ti/
|-
| Good night! || ''Dzso niktrá!'' || /d͡ʑo nik'trɑ/
|-
| Have a nice day! || ''Eis dzsódοla sei!'' || /jis 'd͡ʑodolɑ si/
|-
| Goodbye! || ''Visondlataszra'' || /'visontɭatɑːɕr̩a/
|-
| Thank you! || ''Dzsómmo!'' || /ˈd͡ʑomo/
|-
| Who? || ''Pkios?'' || /pki̯os/
|-
| What? || ''Tí?'' || /ti/
|-
| When? || ''Pónte?'' || /ˈpo.ndɛ/
|-
| Where? || ''Pe?'' || /pɛ/
|-
| How? || ''Posz?'' || /ˈpoɕ/
|-
| Why || ''Dzatti?'' || /'d͡zɑti/
|-
| Again || ''Urá'' || /uˈrɑ/
|-
| What is your name? || ''Ti entá a nóma sei?'' || /ti ɛnˈta ɑ ˈno.mɑ sʲi/
|-
| My name is... || ''A nóma mei entá ...''' || /ɑ ˈno.ma mʲi enˈtα/
|-
| Do you speak English? || ''Relalíte eís echslézikin?'' || /rɛ.ɫɑˈɫ̩ite jis ɛkˈɫɛ.zikiŋ/
|-
| I do not understand Grekelin. || ''Uk nyó a gnúdzsa Grekelénikin.'' || /uk ɲo ɑ ˈɡnud͡ʑɑ ɡrɛˈkɛ.ɫɛnikin/
|-
| Help me! || ''Woíttya!'' || /ˈvoˈitʲɑ/
|-
| How much is it? || ''Pószo entá?'' || /ˈpoɕo ɛnˈtɑ/
|-
| The study of Grekelin sharpens the mind. || ''Mattkiszi ci Grekelenikis peia a essa kovtoérta.'' || /'matkisi t͡si grɛkɛˈɫɛ.nikis pjɑ α ˈɛ.sɑ kovtoˈɛr.ta/
|-
| Where are you from? || ''Pe éste ecs szÿ?'' || /pɛ ˈɛste ɛt͡ɕ ɕy/
|}
==Dialects==
Grekelin has three dialects, depending on where each is or was spoken. Every dialect has its own subdialects (See [[Old Grekelin#Dialects]]) however these will not be considered since they mostly vary on pronunciation, similar to the English accents.
===Slavic Dialect===
The Slavic dialect (''"Dialekti Slavinki"'', "/djɑˈɫɛ.kti sɫɑvin/" or Dialekta Slavinci "/dʲaˈlʲektʲa slɑˈvʲint͡ɕi/") can be distinguished by some certain features that aren't present in Standard Grekelin:
# 'i', 'e' and 'a' often palatalize the previous consonant (Similar to Russian's soft and hard consonant system).
# Raising of the unstressed 'e' into 'i': [reˈɟeti] -> [riˈɟʲetʲi]
# Preservation of the Medieval Greek /ɣ/ sound (As an allophone of the previously developed /ħ/ from the same sound)
# Increased amount of Slavic-origin words
The Slavic dialect is used primarily in Vojvodina (Serbia), where it developed from the beginning, though traces of it are found all the way to Ukraine, from the former dialect continuum that existed (See [[Old Grekelin]]).
===Western (Extinct)===
A more archaic and richer dialect is Western Grekelin, which developed out of the [[Old Grekelin]]'s '''Western''' dialect, once spoken near the border with Austria. While not as diversified as the Slavic dialect, it remains a very interesting one for research (Being the only other dialect of Grekelin by that point). The following are the changes to have taken place by the 18th century, excluding all changes in the original '''Western Old Grekelin''':
# Raising /a/ to /y/ in certain conditions
# Preservation of the Medieval Greek /ɣ/ sound (''[ɑˈgi.ɑ.sin]'' -> ''[ɑˈɣiɑsi]'')
# Complete loss of /ɕ/ as a sound
# Preservation of the word-final /s/ (Which was lost early in all other Old Grekelin dialects)
# Nasalization of /a/ and its allophone /ɑ/ into /ã/ and /ɑ̃/ respectively, and /i/ to /ĩ/ as well.
# No vowel harmony (The dialect was not as influenced by Hungarian so it never developed vowel harmony like the other dialects)
==Example texts==
===Basic sentence===
<b>English</b><br>
<i>I would like a coffee and biscuits, thank you.</i><br>
<b>Grekelin</b><br>
<i>(Go) tílko eni kave kia biszkotek, dzommo.</i><br>
===UN Human Rights Declaration, Article 1===
<b>English:</b><br>
<i>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</i>
<b>Grekelin:</b><br>
<i>Padi leleottek leleszterek kia memisek vevortamek eis meltosagi kia jogatek. Demdorizandek mi eszeli kia siníndisi, kiá prépi ná ecsinálamek en eís allila eis en selemi ca adérfiktas.</i>
<br>
''[ˈpa.di lɛlɛˈo.tɘk lɛˈlɛɕtɛˌrɛk kʲa meˈmiɕɛk vɛˈvortamɛk jis ˈmɛlto.ˌsagi kia ˈjogatɛk ‖ demˈdorizaˌndɛk mi ˈɛɕɛli kʲa sinindisi kʲa prepi na ɛt͡ɕiˈnɑlnamɛk ɛn jis aɫiɫa jis ɛn ˈɕɛlɛmi t͡sa aˈderfiktas]''
===Lord's prayer===
{{Col-begin}}
{{col-n|2}}
:: Patri mek
:: eis urana éntase
:: eis em agiasin nóma sei,
:: eis to rapatasma ca ikandasza sei
:: eis peísin tilkima sei
:: eis gea as enta eis urana.
:: Dochse mek to kennere mek eidila
:: kia bochsasze armatek mek
:: as dossaszomen mek davte p' aramatek dimechs
:: kia haytasze mek u eis sabatasz
:: ma litise mek ecs roszi,
:: Amen.
{{col-n|2}}
<i>
:: Our Father, who art in heaven,
:: hallowed be thy name;
:: thy kingdom come,
:: thy will be done
:: on earth as it is in heaven.
:: Give us this day our daily bread,
:: and forgive us our sins,
:: as we forgive those who sin against us;
:: and lead us not into temptation,
:: but deliver us from evil.
:: Amen.
</i>
{{Col-end}}
==Notes==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=GrklnAndCapp>Grekelin and Cappadocian have a common ancestor with the difference that Cappadocian remained spoken in Anatolia whereas Grekelin was brought to it's modern territory by migration and settlement. And, outside of roleplay in the context of this article, it's where most of the study related to Grekelin falls into, because Turkish and Hungarian share many features. However, as you can understand, Cappadocian at that point would've been plain regular Greek (Possibly a dialect of Pontic? See [[w:Cappadocian_Greek|the article]] for details), hence the question mark. </ref>
<ref name=GrekelinOrigins>If indeed Cappadocian Greek started out as a dialect of Pontic Greek (Which isn't descended from Koine but directly from Attic-Ionic dialects), then so did Grekelin since they share their [[w:Urheimat|urheimat]] in the south of Anatolia. That would easily explain why Grekelin has ''/e/'' in place of Modern Greek /i/. </ref>
<ref name=YPronc>Styled after Hungarian, Grekelin often uses "y" to show that the preceding consonant is palatalized. When 'y' is to actually be pronounced as a vowel but it is preceded by a consonant, it takes a dieresis above it: eg. "GŸ gÿ". </ref>
}}

Latest revision as of 14:25, 7 May 2024


Yudith
Χιυδισκα
Created byAggelos Tselios
Date2024
Native toGreece, Albania (North Epirus), small communities elsewhere
Native speakersapprox. 300 thousand (2011)
Indo-European
  • Germanic
    • South Germanic
      • Germano-Pindian Dialects
        • Yudith
Early forms
Proto-Indo-European
Dialects
  • Ionian
  • Pindian
  • Yenderan †
Official status
Official language in
Vojvodina
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The Yudith language (Autoglossonym: Χιυδισκα [çyˈðiska]) is a South Germanic language spoken in much of Northern Greece and South Albania descended directly from Proto-Germanic. The language arrived in its present territory at circa 200 BCE, when Germanic settlers emigrated from the modern region of Bavaria in the Balkans. It is the southernmost Germanic language in Europe and the only extant member of the South Germanic languages (The other South Germanic language, Untherjudiskáth, went extinct in the 18th century).

Yudith, as a Germanic language, is related to many other languages in Europe such as Norwegian, English, German, Swedish and Saxon. The differences between Yudith and English, if lexical borrows are to be excluded, is similar to that of Italian and Spanish. Yudith is most closely related, outside of the South Germanic languages, to Gothic, an East Germanic language, having split at around the same time.

Etymology

The language’s name comes from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz (Of the people), and, as such, is cognate with words like “Dutch” and “Deutsch” (In German). The name itself was borrowed from another South Germanic conlang as the initial /ç/ cannot be explained with the sound changes that took place in Yudith.

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Yudith&oldid=368543"