User:Chrysophylax/Sketches

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Avahil

Nouns

Obligatory social opinion-marking on high animate nouns.

  1. Vr- where V is an echo vowel, e.g., avan → aravan ‘a liked man’
    liked, having a positive opinion of
  2. Vm- where V is an echo vowel, e.g., vasan → ãvasan ‘a disliked baker’
    disliked, having a negative opinion of
  3. Vth- where V is an echo vowel, e.g., ana → athana ‘a trusted woman’
    trusted, having trust in
  4. Vl- where V is an echo vowel, e.g., agan → alagan ‘a distrusted ruler’
    distrusted, lacking trust in
  5. V(h)- where V is an echo vowel and h is obligatory before front vowels, e.g., eyin → eheyin ‘a farmer’ but avan → avan ‘a man’
    having not yet formed an opinion of, neutral

Hypocoristics are formed by infixes.

  1. -ri- e.g., avan → arivan ‘boy, child’, ana → arina ‘girl, young woman’
    a neutral diminutive
  2. -th- e.g., caha ‘flower’ → catha ‘small blossom’, vasan → vathahan ‘cherished apprentice baker’
    an affectionate diminutive
  3. -m- e.g., asan ‘hunter’ → ãhan ‘(mockingly) hunterling’, talagan ‘bear’ → talãhan ‘brash, aggressive, young person’
    a derisive, mocking diminutive

Uses a falling pitch accent to mark the possessum.

  1. This accent is put on the ‘center’ syllable of a word, e.g., ereyin alàna ‘the beloved farmer's treacherous wife’, but arivan àna ‘the boy's mother’

Uses compounding to form adjective-noun and noun-noun words.

  1. Word stems ending in a vowel reduplicate their consonant, e.g. eyi- + ana → eliyana1 ‘farmwife’, unless the first word ends in the same vowel as the second one begins with; then they merge: tala ‘honey’ + agan → talagan ‘bear’
  2. Word stems ending in a consonant undergo a radical change if clashing with another consonant.
    ag- + vasan → ahavasan ‘head baker’ [ɑːʋasan] or [ɑxaʋasan]
    avan- + sil → avahil ‘common speech’ [aʋaːil] or [aʋaxil]

Notes on sound changes

  1. Regressive dissimilation strikes: the first y is here depalatalised to l, giving eliyana [ɛliʎana] instead of expected *eyiyana [ɛʎiʎana]

Syntax

Word order is VSO. Possessors precede possessa.

yašur ḇa aškilun

IPA: /ˈjaˌʃur p’əˈʾaʔʃkʰəˌlun/

Translating 'Am I small?'

source: http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00F1YPRSK/

A ḇaš gali? - išagur tawḏi ḇa Philipp Winterberg ya Nadja Wichmann.
a ḇaš gali i-šagur tawḏ-i ḇa Pilipp Winterberg ya Nadja Wichmann
q 1sg.nom small det.inan-tale picture.constr-adj of and
A ḇaš gali? - Tamia uyasad ya yasakaš wadiš bašaddut ḏargit, yataḏaši wadiš anu asarušuḏ. Dala yamarad isaḇur ušabri.
a ḇaš gali Tamia u-ya-sad-ø ya ya-sakaš-ø wadi-š bašad-du-t ḏargi-t ya-taḏ-aši wadi-š anu a-saruš-uḏ dala ya-marad-ø i-saḇur u-šabri
q 1sg.nom small Tamia not-3sg-know-ipfv and 3sg-ask-ipfv beast-pl-gen all-acc.anim different-gen 3sg-meet-ipfv.act.ptcp all-acc.anim at 3sg.poss.encl-road-loc.inan then 3sg-find-ipfv det.inan-answer not-expected
Gal Tamia.
gal Tamia
here (is) Tamia
tarag! taḇḏi!
Yagalgir Tamia gali.
a ḇaš? A gali?
A ḇaš gali?
A gali? Laša? Laš waḏi gali galayu! Laš gugali!
A ḇaš gugali?
A gugali? Laša? Laš maḡi!
A ḇaš maḡi?
A maḡi? Laša? Laš maḡa-maḡi!
A ḇaš maḡa-maḡi?
A maḡa-maḡi? Laša? Laš ušani!
A ḇaš ušani?
A šani? Laša? Laš nami!
A ḇaš nami?
A nami? Laša? Laš nunami!
A ḇaš nunami?
A nunami? Laša? Laš irḡuli!
A ḇaš irḡuli?
A irḡuli? Laša? Laš adli!
Adu miḏur… ḇašu! ḇaš wadi…
Ušani!
Gugali!
Nunami!
Irḡuli!
Adli!

Sketching out syntax

Yamin gal ḇ'aštaḏ yamraḏ ašarraḡin ḇakaduš waḏiš.
yamin gal ḇa-aštaḏ ya-m-raḏ-ø a-šarraḡ-in ḇaka-du-š waḏi-š
once here 1sg.poss.encl-father 3sg-ven-gather-pfv det.anim-queen-dat.anim sheep-pl-acc.anim all-acc.anim
"My father once came and gathered all sheep for the queen."
Yamin gal laḇal isakušu ḇ'aštaḏin aši kašu ini l'adur lašut.
yamin gal la-ḇal-ø i-sakuš-u ḇa-aštaḏ-in aši kašu ini la-adur laš-ut
once here 2sg-promise-pfv det.inan-task-dat.inan 1sg.poss.encl-father-dat.anim one night with 2sg.poss.encl-side your
"You did once here for this task promise one night by your side to my father."
Gir šarraḡa parḇi, laš, lawkad ya ulamkad šamat.
gir šarraḡ-a parḇi laš la-w-kad-ø ya u-la-m-kad-ø šamat
yet queen-voc illustrious you 2sg-and-go-pfv and not-2sg-ven-go-pfv again
"Yet, O illustrious queen, you left and did not again return."
Ini l'astu gani, šarraḡa parḇi, itaḇaḏa baḡduri ulnikutu ugtaḏin.
ini la-astu gani šarraḡ-a parḇi i-taḇaḏa baḡd-ur-i u-l-nikut-u-ø ugtaḏ-in
with 2sg.poss.encl-laws own queen-voc illustrious det.inan-debts pay-pass.fut.ptcp-adj 3pl.pass-pass-inherit.pass-3pl.pass-ipfv son-dat.anim
"By your own laws, O illustrious queen, the debts that are to be paid are inherited to the son."

Phonology

Has three distinctive vowels: i /i/, u /u/,a /a/, which all reduce to ə in a 'weak' position1.

Three consonant series: unaspirated b /p/, d /t/, g /k/, aspirated p /pʰ/, t /tʰ/, k /kʰ/, ejective ḇ /p’/, ḏ /t’/, ḡ /k’/ These series of stops have traditionally been termed the tenuis, the fortis, and the lenis series.

The language has regressive (leftward) pre-glottalization before the fortis and lenis stops, thus yataḏa /jəˈʔtʰaʔt’a/ 'he collects' but gaduš /katuʃ/ 'knife'

1. In the religious register yašur isali (“refined speech”) every vowel is pronounced as it were and does not reduce. Compare ašarraḡin (“to the queen”) pronounced /aˈʃaraʔˌk’in/ with regular /əˈʃarəʔˌk’in/

Proto-Celtic per Hispaniam

  1. Monophthongisation (~Late Latin)
    *oi̯, ,*ou̯, *ei̯ > ū, ū, ī
    ūnos < *oinos, tūtā < *toutā, sūlīs < *sūleis
  2. Loss of final *m
    *m > 0 / _#
    ɸatera < *ɸateram
  3. Simplifcation of /ns/ to /s/
    *ns > s
    asis < *ansis
  4. Loss of *g between vowels
    *g > 0 / V_V
    rīam < *rīgam
  5. Short vowels change in quality
    • a, *e, *i, *o, *u > a, ɛ, e, ɔ, o
  6. Long vowels shorten
    • ā, *ē, *ī, *ō, *ū > a, e, i, o, u
  7. End result: 7-vowel inventory
    a ɛ e ɔ o i u
  8. Monopththongisation (Romance)
    *oi̯ , *au̯, *ai̯ > e, ɔ, ɛ~e
    makʷe < *makʷoi, tɔsɔ < *tausom, kɛkɔ < *kaikom
  9. Word-initial anaptyxis for /s/ + consonant
    *s > es / #_C
    estrɛna < *strīnām
  10. Voicing of plosives between vowels
    *p, *t, *k > b, d, g / V_V
    kɛgɔ < *kaikom
  11. Syncope of unstressed syllables near *r and *l
    sulbɔs < *sūlibos, ɸadra < *ɸateram
  12. Debuccalisation of *ɸ
    *ɸ > h / #_ && V_V
    hadra < *ɸateram, nɛhuts < *neɸūts


  1. Only allow *a, *e, *o as word-final (Proto-Western-Romance?)
  2. Syncretism: Replacement of hadrɛbɔs by hadrɛbes in the dat. pl.

r-stem example

hader, hadrɔs (father)
Number Singular Plural
Nominative hader hadras
Genitive hadrɔs hadrɔ
Accusative hadra hadras
Dative hadre hadrɛbes
Ablative hadre hadrɛbes
Instrumental hadre hadrɛbes
Locative hadre hadrɛbes

NB. ”There also seems to be a marked tendency to confuse different forms even when they have not become homophonous (like in the generally more distinct plurals), which indicates the nominal deflexion was not only caused by phonetic mergers, but also by structural factors.[22] As a result of the untenability of the noun case system after these phonetic changes, vulgar Latin moved from being a markedly synthetic language to a more analytic language.” — Vulgar Latin

> hader, hadra | hadras, hadras

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