User:Chrysophylax/fd

About

Trying to re-engineer Dhannuá from scratch.

Sound changes

unity

1. merge centum: [+palatal +velar] → [-palatal +velar]

   *ḱléwos → *kléwos ‘fame’

2. dental separation and simplification: TT → TsT → *ss

   *bʰreud-tós → *bʰreussós ‘broken’

3. metathesis of thorn clusters: TK > KT

   *h₂rtkos → *h₂rktos ‘bear’

4. loss of laryngeals before vowel (triple reflex, Greek-style)

   *h₁e → *e~i

   *h₂e → *a

   *h₃e → *o

5. loss of laryngeal after vowel, same as above but lengthening

   *eh₁ → *ē

   *eh₂ → *ā

   *eh₃ → *ō

6. epenthetic *ə inserted before syllabic resonants

   *septṃ → *septəm ‘seven’

7. Laryngeal collapse: *h₂ *h₃ → *hₔ (*H)
8. *h₁ → h /#_V
9. loss of laryngeal between two consonants: (CHC → CəC)

   *H → *ə (except: #_R where *H → h)

10. CVHC → CV̄C
11. *iH, *uH → ī, ū / _C
12. Labiovelars reanalysed as sequence of plosive + *w
13. *s + plosive → *ss / V_V, V_

    *st, *sk → *ss

14. *m becomes *n before dentals and word finally.
15. nasal + velar → *nn
16. PT, KT join TT in → *ss

    *kəptós → *kəssós ‘taken’

17. merger of *ə and short *a
18. fricativization and devoicing of syllable-initial velar consonants before *w, *r, *l
19. stress is retracted one step
20. lengthening of *a in closed and stressed syllables
21. labiovelar sequences simplify to *w / V_V

    *ákwā → *áwā ‘water’

22. raising of *o after *w

    *déywos → *déywus ‘god’

23. [-voice +stop] → [+voice +stop] / R_V
24. lowering of *e → *æ when following syllable has a low vowel. (active surface filter)
25. *s → *z / V_{V #}
26. *h → Ø / #_{l r}
27. innovation of future tense from desiderative -s- formation.

    *kā́psyeō ‘I will seize’ ( < *keh₂p-s-yé-oh₂)

28. loss of *w before *u

    *wī́wus → *wī́uz

29. secondary athematic endings are added to the imperfective present and future 1sg and replace 1pl, 2pl, 3pl.

    *kā́pyeōn < (*kh₂p-yé-oh₂-m); *kā́psyeōn ( < *keh₂p-s-yé-oh₂-m)

    *kāpyéme < (*kh₂p-ye-mé)

30. *ō → *ā

    *kā́psyeōn → *kā́psyeān

31. P K → f x / V_s

    *pā́ksyeān → *pā́xsyeān ‘I will fasten’ ( < *ph₂ḱ-s-yé-oh₂-m)

32. *e → *æ / C_aC

    *bʰóweyeān → *bʰówæyæān ‘I warn’ ( < *bʰogʷ-éye-oh₂-m)

33. Shift to strong initial expiratory stress

end of unity

→ User:Chrysophylax/pf ↓ Dhannic

1. *p *t *k → *β *ð *ɣ / V_V, R_ (incomplete in insular branch)

   *kā́pyæān → *kā́βyæān ‘I seize’

2. *z → *r / V_V, V_# (only insular)

   *wī́uz → *wīur ‘alive’

3. merger of locative and instrumental cases
4. *x → *s / _s

   *péxsyæān → *péssyæān ‘I will slap’ ( < *peḱ-s-yé-oh₂-m)

5. breaking of stressed open *é → *yá

   *déyur → *dyáyur

6. end of *e → *æ lowering
7. new case endings: essive -ta, comitative -we
8. fortition of *β *ð *ɣ → *bʰ *dʰ *gʰ

   *néβāt → *nébʰāt ‘nephew’

9. -yā (f.) ( < *-yeh₂) forms increase significantly.
10. unstressed *ē → ai (operating during period of contraction)

    *pádʰēr → *pádʰair ‘father’

11. contraction

    *o + *e → *ē

    *e + *o → *ō

    *æ, *a + *a, *ā → *ā

12. medial -y- loss

    *dyáyusta → *dyáusta ‘like a god’

13. loss of initial *H in clusters.

    *Hrosā → *rosā ( < *Hroseh₂ )

14. shortening of closed long final vowels after a stressed syllable

    *wórān → *wóran ‘prepare’ ( < *gʷʰor-éy-oh₂-m)

15. vocalisation of semi-vowels / #C_V

    *dyáur → *diáur

16. V:, V:C and VCC become standard
17. : *wóran → *wṓrann
18. *ew → *u:

    *lewmana → *lūmana 'first light of the day' ( < *léwk-mn-eh₂)

later developments

1. *æ → *e
2. 1sg.fut is de-iotated by analogy with the 1sg.pres

   *kā́ssjan → *kā́ssan ‘I will seize’

3. loss of middle endings with -r, forms with secondary middle endings win out

   *bʰriágar → *bʰriága ‘I am brought to ruin’ ( < *bʰregh₂ér)

   *bʰriágror → *bʰriágandho ‘they are brought to ruin’

4. Verb raising (i.e. fronting) occurs more frequently. Transitive verbs also raise their argument after them.

   *kā́ssan paldʰáron niábhas diáusta lūmanai ‘(Truly!) I will seize the settlement (of my) nephew as a (living) god by the first light of day’ ( < *kh₂p-s-yé-oh₂-m pḷth₂róm népōts deywós-?ta? léwk-mn-ey)

   *pā́rssat sān so ‘He is asking her’ vs. *so sān pā́rssat ‘he asks her’

5. A general trend of reanalysing collective nouns as singular feminines intensifies.

   *palla ‘several fortifications’ → *palla ‘city’ ( < *tpelHh₂)

   *walla ‘set of wheels’ → *walla ‘wagon’ ( < *kʷékʷlh₂)

6. syllable bounding *n is lengthened

   *kiasmanar → *kiasmannar ‘outriders, messengers’ ( < *kérs-mṇ-es through contamination with *kérs-mṇ-h₂ ‘group of messengers’)

7. loss of unstressed, word-final short vowels in words where n(s) => 3.

   *aliendʰi → *aliendʰ ‘they feed’ ( < *h₂oléyenti)

   *bʰriágandʰo → *bʰriágandʰ ‘they are brought to ruin’

even later

1. final n is lengthened

auronian dh.

1. g → Ø / #_V

   ombhor spike < ( *gómbʰos), cf. Úis. gomfr