User:Tardigrade
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Tardigrades (Latfuts) are microscopic, water-dwelling, segmented animals. At some point in history, they learned to speak Gothic.
Veithois
| Latin | Insular Proto-Romance |
Insular Romance | Veithois | example | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| transcription | IPA | orthography | IPA | ||||||||
| ī | /i/ | i | /i/ | i | /i/ | vid | /vid/ | ||||
| i | /ɪ/ | ẹ | /e/ | è | ei | /ɛ/ | /ei̯/ | sec | peil | /sɛk/ | /pei̯l/ |
| ē | /e/ | ment | cein | /mɛnt/ | /t͡ʃei̯n/ | ||||||
| oe | ester | feid | /ɛstər/ | /fei̯d/ | |||||||
| e | /ɛ/ | ę | /ɛ/ | é | /e/ | ter | pedh | /tɛr/ | /peð/ | ||
| ae | estod | cel | /ɛˈstod/ | /t͡ʃel/ | |||||||
| a | /a/ | a | /a/ | a | /a/ | can | /kan/ | ||||
| ā | /ɑ/ | ǫ | /ɔ/ | ò | ó | /ɔ/ | /o/ | nos | /noz/ | ||
| o | /ɔ/ | sot | cor | /sɔt/ | /kor/ | ||||||
| ō | /o/ | ọ | /o/ | ou | eu | /u/ | /e/ | mount | fleur | /munt/ | /fler/ |
| u | /ʊ/ | gout | gheul | /gut/ | /gel/ | ||||||
| ū | /u/ | u | /u/ | u | /i/ | mur | /mir/ | ||||
| au | /au/ | au | /au/ | au | /ai/ | caudh | /kaið/ | ||||
Gothic vowel changes
| Gothic | Initial | Medial | Final | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| /_r/ | /_r/ | /_l/ | /_p, b, f, m/ | /_w/ | /_other/ | /_one consonant/ | /_cluster/ | absolutely final | |||||||||||
| one consonant | cluster | /_r/ | /_l/ | /_n/ | /_p, b, f, m/ | /_w/ | /_j/ | /_other/ | |||||||||||
| i, aí | i | e | e | i | e | e | iu | i | e | ʲ | |||||||||
| a | a | u | y | u | u | o | u | Ø | |||||||||||
| u, aú | u | o | |||||||||||||||||
| ē, ei | i | i | e | i | e | e | |||||||||||||
| ái, aíh | ia | ||||||||||||||||||
| ā | a | u | y | u | a | ||||||||||||||
| áu, aúh | o | ||||||||||||||||||
| ō, ū | u | ||||||||||||||||||
adjectives
| Case | indefinite | definite | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | |||||||||
| masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | |
| Nominative | blínd | blénd | bléndas | blénd | blénds | blénd | blénda | bléndas | bléndon | bléndos | ||
| Genitive | blínds | blénds | blíndse | bléndsa | blíndes | bléndos | blíndne | bléndna | ||||
| Dative | bléndum | blénde | bléndę | bléndę | bléndą | bléndą | ||||||
adj
| Case | attributive | predicative | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | |||||||||
| masc./neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | ||
| indefinite | definite | |||||||||||
| Direct | blínd | blénd | blénd | blénd | blénda | bléndas | bléndon | bléndos | ||||
| Genitive | blínd | blénd | blínd | blénd | blíndes | bléndos | blíndse | bléndsa | ||||
| Dative | blénd | blénd | bléndę | bléndą | bléndą | |||||||
| Case | attributive | predicative | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | |||||||||
| masc./neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | masc. | neut. | fem. | ||
| indefinite | definite | |||||||||||
| Direct | frús | frós | frós | frós | frósa | frósas | fróson | frósos | ||||
| Genitive | frús | frós | frús | frós | frúses | frósos | frúsne | frósna | ||||
| Dative | frós | frós | frósę | frósą | frósą | |||||||
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | /m/ ⟨m⟩ | /n/ ⟨n⟩ | /ŋ/ ⟨ng⟩ [1] | /ɴ/ ⟨ng⟩ | ||
| Plosive | /p/ ⟨p⟩ | /t/ ⟨t⟩ | /k/ ⟨k⟩ [1] | /q/ ⟨k⟩ | ||
| Affricate | /ʦ/ ⟨t⟩ [1] | |||||
| Fricative | /f/ ⟨f⟩ | /v/ ⟨v⟩ | /s/ ⟨s⟩ | /ʃ/ ⟨s⟩ [1] | /ɣ/ ⟨g⟩ [1] | /ʁ/ ⟨g⟩ |
| Lateral | /l~ɬ/ ⟨l⟩ [2] | |||||
| Tap | /ɾ/ ⟨r⟩ | |||||
| Semivowel | /j/ ⟨j⟩ | |||||
Everish
 | This article is private. The author requests that you do not make changes to this project without approval. By all means, please help fix spelling, grammar and organisation problems, thank you. |
| Everish | |
|---|---|
| Eveireg | |
| Pronunciation | [eˈvei̯ɾeɡ] |
| Created by | Tardigrade |
| Native to | Spain, Portugal |
Early form | |
Everish Eveireg /eˈvei̯ɾeɡ/ is a a Brittonic Celtic tongue spoken in parts of Galicia and Asturias.
Phonology and Orthography
Everish Consonants
The consonant inventory for Everish is as follows:
| Bilabial | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | ɲ ⟨ñ⟩ | ŋ ⟨ng, ngu⟩ | |||
| Plosive | voiceless | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩ | k ⟨c, qu⟩ | ||
| voiced | b~β ⟨b⟩ | d~ð ⟨d⟩ | d͡ʒ~ʒ ⟨g, j⟩ | ɡ~ɣ ⟨g, gu⟩ | |||
| Fricative | voiced | v ⟨v⟩ | z ⟨z⟩ | ||||
| voiceless | f ⟨f⟩ | θ ⟨ç⟩ | s ⟨s⟩ | ʃ ⟨x⟩ | x ⟨h⟩ | ||
| Approximant | central | j ⟨y⟩ | w ⟨u⟩ | ||||
| lateral | l ⟨l⟩ | ʎ ⟨ll⟩ | |||||
| Trill | r ⟨rr⟩ | ||||||
| Tap | ɾ ⟨r⟩ | ||||||
Vowels & Diphthongs
Everish can be described as having two groups of vowel sounds:
- the open vowels, which arose from historically short vowels
- the close vowels, which arose from historically long vowels
- the diphthongs
The open and close vowels are represented by the following inventory:
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | iː | ʉ(ː) | u(ː) |
| Near-close | ɪ | ʊ | |
| Close-mid | eː | oː | |
| Mid | ə | ||
| Open-mid | ɛ | ʌ ɔ(ː) | |
| Near-open | |||
| Open | a(ː) |
All of Everish's true diphthongs are falling and consist of a vowel + either /i̯/ or /u̯/.
| + i̯ | + u̯ | |
|---|---|---|
| Near-close | ɪu̯ | |
| Mid | əi̯ | |
| Open-mid | ɛi̯ ɔi̯ | ɛu̯ ɔu̯ |
| Open | au̯ |
Sound Changes
Consonant Mutations
As with all modern Celtic languages, Everish makes extensive use of initial consonant mutations to help signal grammatical and syntactic information. Everish has three main mutations: lenis (meyel), spirant (cravel) and nasal (truinel).
The changes caused by the mutations are summarised in the following table.
| Radical | Nasal | Lenis | Spirant |
|---|---|---|---|
| p /p/ | b /b/ | f /f/ | |
| t /t/ | d /d/ | ç /θ/ | |
| c /k/ | g /g/ | h /x/ | |
| ch /t͡ʃ/ | dj /d͡ʒ/ | x /ʃ/ | |
| b /b/ | m /m/ | v /v/ | |
| d /d/ | n /n/ | ∅ | |
| g /ɡ/ | ng /ŋ/ | ∅ | |
| gu /ɡw/ | ng /ŋw/ | v /v/ | |
| dj /d͡ʒ/ | ñ /ɲ/ | y /j/ | |
| y /j/ | ñ /ɲ/ | ||
| ll /ʎ/ | l /l/ | ||
| m /m/ | v /ṽ/ | ||
| ñ /ɲ/ | n /n/ | ||
| rr /r/ | r /ɾ/ | ||
Lenited g becomes v before words in go-, gu-, e.g. gou "smith" → i vou "his smith", gur "man, husband" → i vur "his husband".
Examples:
- Lenition: i beñ "his head", di dad "your dad", i dji "his dog", a reg "the woman", do Varselen "to Barcelona".
- Spirantisation: i feñ "her head", tri çad "three dads", ter haç "three cats".
- Nasalisation: no ngreg "nine women", i Marselen "in Barcelona", mi garrer "my road"
List
| № | English | Proto-Celtic | Common Brittonic | Breton | Cornish | Welsh | Old Irish | Everish | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | Proto-Celtic *mī | Proto-Brythonic *mi | Breton me | Cornish my | Welsh mi, Welsh fi | Old Irish mé | mi | ||
| 2 | you | Proto-Celtic *tū | Proto-Brythonic *ti | Breton te | Cornish ty | Welsh ti | Old Irish tú | ti | ||
| 3 | he | Proto-Celtic *es | Proto-Brythonic *eβ̃ | Breton eñ | Cornish ev | Welsh ef, Welsh fe, Welsh fo | Old Irish é | ey | ||
| 4 | we | Proto-Celtic *snīs | Proto-Brythonic *ni | Breton ni | Cornish ny | Welsh ni | Old Irish sní | ni | ||
| 5 | you (plural) | Proto-Celtic *swīs, Proto-Celtic *swīsswīs | Proto-Brythonic *hwi | Breton c'hwi | Cornish hwi | Welsh chi, Welsh chwi | Old Irish sib, Old Irish síi | huy | ||
| 6 | they | Proto-Celtic *yoi | Breton i, Breton int | Cornish i | Welsh hwy, Welsh hwynt, Welsh nhw | Old Irish é | i | |||
| 7 | this | Proto-Celtic *se-, Proto-Celtic *sindos, Proto-Celtic *so-sin | Breton an ... Breton mañ | Cornish an ... Cornish ma | Welsh hwn, Welsh y ... Welsh yma | Old Irish in ... Old Irish so | Irish an ... Irish seo, Irish an ... Irish so | Scottish Gaelic an ... Scottish Gaelic seo | Manx yn ... Manx shoh | |
| 8 | that | Proto-Celtic *emo-, Proto-Celtic *sindo-de | Breton an ... Breton se | Cornish an ... Cornish na | Welsh hwnnw, Welsh y ... Welsh yna | Old Irish in ... Old Irish sin, Old Irish in ... Old Irish tall | Irish an ... Irish sin, Irish an ... Irish siúd | Scottish Gaelic an ... Scottish Gaelic sin, Scottish Gaelic an ... Scottish Gaelic siud | Manx yn ... Manx shen, Manx yn ... Manx shid | |
| 9 | here | Proto-Celtic *sondo, Proto-Celtic *uman? | Breton amañ | Cornish omma | Welsh yma | Old Irish sund | Irish anseo | Scottish Gaelic an-seo | Manx ayns shoh, Manx aynshoh | |
| 10 | there | Proto-Celtic *anda?, Proto-Celtic *kē | Breton aze, Breton eno | Cornish ena | Welsh yna | Old Irish tall | Irish ansin, Irish ansiúd | Scottish Gaelic an sin, Scottish Gaelic an siud | Manx ayns shen, Manx ayns shid | |
| 11 | who | Proto-Celtic *kʷēs | Proto-Brythonic *puɨ | Breton piv | Cornish piw | Welsh pwy | Old Irish cía | Irish cé | Scottish Gaelic cò | Manx quoi |
| 12 | what | Proto-Celtic *kʷid | Breton petra | Cornish pyth | Welsh beth | Old Irish cid | Irish cad é, Irish céard | Scottish Gaelic ciod, Scottish Gaelic dè | Manx c'red, Manx cre | |
| 13 | where | Proto-Celtic *kʷuts | Breton pelec'h | Cornish ple | Welsh ble | Old Irish cairm, Old Irish cía airm, Old Irish cía dú | Irish cá, Irish cá háit, Irish cén áit | Scottish Gaelic càite | Manx c'raad | |
| 14 | when | Proto-Celtic *kʷan(o) | Breton pedavare, Breton pegoulz, Breton peur, Breton pevare | Cornish p'eur | Welsh pryd | Old Irish cuin | Irish cá huair, Irish cathain, Irish cén uair | Scottish Gaelic cuin | Manx cre'n traa, Welsh cuin | |
| 15 | how | Breton pegiz, Breton penaos, Breton pevod | Cornish fatel | Welsh sut, Welsh pa fodd | Old Irish cía chruth, Old Irish cía indas, Old Irish cindas, Old Irish co | Irish cad é mar, Irish cén chaoi, Irish conas | Scottish Gaelic ciamar, Scottish Gaelic cionnas | Manx cre'n aght, Manx kanys, Manx kys | ||
| 16 | not | Proto-Celtic *ne, Proto-Celtic *nīs | Proto-Brythonic *ni | Breton ne ... Breton ket | Cornish ny | Welsh ddim, Welsh nid | Old Irish ní, Old Irish nícon | ne | ||
| 17 | all | Proto-Celtic *olyos | Breton holl, Breton tout | Cornish oll | Welsh holl, Welsh i gyd, Welsh oll | Old Irish uile | Irish uile | Scottish Gaelic uile | Manx ooilley | |
| 18 | many | Proto-Celtic *ɸilu- | Breton kalz, Breton lies a | Cornish lies, Cornish lower | Welsh llawer | Old Irish il, Old Irish imdae, Old Irish mór | Irish a lán, Irish mórán | Scottish Gaelic mòran | Manx mooarane, Manx ram | |
| 19 | some | Proto-Celtic *nekʷos | Breton bennak, Breton meur a | Cornish nebes | Welsh rhai, Welsh rhyw | Old Irish nach | Irish éigin, Irish roinnt | Scottish Gaelic eigin, Scottish Gaelic roinn | Manx ennagh, Manx kuse, Manx shiartanse | |
| 20 | few | Proto-Celtic *bikkano, Proto-Celtic *nekʷos | Breton nebeut | Cornish nebes | Welsh ychydig | Old Irish bec, Old Irish terc, Old Irish úathad | Irish beagán | Scottish Gaelic beagan | Manx beggan | |
| 21 | other | Proto-Celtic *alyos, Proto-Celtic *aralyos | Breton all, Breton arall | Cornish aral | Welsh arall | Old Irish aile | Irish eile | Scottish Gaelic eile | Manx elley | |
| 22 | one | Proto-Celtic *oinos, Proto-Celtic *oynānos | Proto-Brythonic *ʉn | Breton unan | Cornish onan | Welsh un | Old Irish óen | un | ||
| 23 | two | Proto-Celtic *dwau | Proto-Brythonic *dọw | Breton daou | Cornish dew | Welsh dau | Old Irish dá | do | ||
| 24 | three | Proto-Celtic *trīs | Proto-Brythonic *tri | Breton tri | Cornish tri | Welsh tair, Welsh tri | Old Irish trí | tri | ||
| 25 | four | Proto-Celtic *kʷetwores | Proto-Brythonic *pedwar | Breton pevar | Cornish peswar | Welsh pedwar | Old Irish cethair | peser | ||
| 26 | five | Proto-Celtic *kʷenkʷe | Proto-Brythonic *pɨmp | Breton pemp | Cornish pymp | Welsh pump | Old Irish cóic | pim | ||
| 27 | big | Proto-Celtic *brassos, Proto-Celtic *māros | Proto-Brythonic *mọr | Breton bras, Breton meur | Cornish bras, Breton meur | Welsh mawr | Old Irish oll, Old Irish mór | bras | ||
| 28 | long | Proto-Celtic *sīros | Proto-Brythonic *hir | Breton hir | Cornish hir | Welsh hir | Old Irish fota, Old Irish sír | ir | ||
| 29 | wide | Proto-Celtic *ɸlitanos | Proto-Brythonic *llɨdan | Breton ledan | Cornish ledan, Cornish efan | Welsh llydan | Old Irish lethan | lledan | ||
| 30 | thick | Proto-Celtic *remros, Proto-Celtic *tegus | Proto-Brythonic *teɣ | Breton tev, Breton fetis | Cornish tew | Welsh tew | Old Irish remor, Old Irish tiug | teu | ||
| 31 | heavy | Proto-Celtic *trummos | Proto-Brythonic *trum | Breton pounner | Cornish poos | Welsh trwm | Old Irish trom | trum | ||
| 32 | small | Proto-Celtic *bikkos | Proto-Brythonic *bɨx | Breton bihan | Cornish bian, Cornish byghan | Welsh bach, Welsh bychan | Old Irish bec | Irish beag | Scottish Gaelic beag | Manx beg |
| 33 | short | Proto-Celtic *birros, Proto-Celtic *gerros | Proto-Brythonic *bɨrr | Breton berr | Cornish berr | Welsh byr | Old Irish cummair, Old Irish berr, Old Irish gerr | Irish gearr | Scottish Gaelic geàrr | Manx giare |
| 34 | narrow | Proto-Celtic *angus | Proto-Brythonic *kʉl | Breton enk, Breton strizh | Cornish kul, Cornish ynn | Welsh cul | Old Irish cáel, Old Irish cumung | Irish cúng | Scottish Gaelic cumhang | Manx coon |
| 35 | thin | Proto-Celtic *tanauyos | Breton moan, Breton tanav | Cornish moon, Cornish tanow | Welsh tenau | Old Irish séim, Old Irish tanae | Irish tanaí | Scottish Gaelic tana | Manx thanney | |
| 36 | woman | Proto-Celtic *benā | Proto-Brythonic *ben, Proto-Brythonic *gwrėg | Breton gwreg, Breton maouez | Cornish benyn | Welsh benw, Welsh benyw, Welsh dynes, Welsh gwraig, Welsh merch | Old Irish ben | Irish bean | Scottish Gaelic bean | Manx ben |
| 37 | man (adult male) | Proto-Celtic *wiros | Proto-Brythonic *gwur | Welsh gour, Breton gwaz, Welsh den | Welsh gour, Cornish gwas | Welsh dyn, Welsh gŵr | Old Irish fer | guas | ||
| 38 | man (human being) | Proto-Celtic *gdonyos | Proto-Brythonic *dün | Breton den | Cornish den | Welsh dyn | Old Irish duine | din | ||
| 39 | child (youth) | Proto-Celtic *mustākos | Breton bugel | Cornish flogh | Welsh plant | Old Irish lenab, Old Irish noídiu | Irish leanbh, Irish páiste | Scottish Gaelic leanabh, Scottish Gaelic pàiste | Manx lhiannoo, Welsh paitçhey | |
| 40 | wife | Proto-Brythonic *gwrėg | Breton gwreg | Cornish gwreg | Welsh gwraig | Old Irish ben, Old Irish séitig | Irish bean, Irish bean chéile | Scottish Gaelic bean, Scottish Gaelic bean-chèile, Scottish Gaelic bean-phòsta | Manx ben, Manx ben heshey, Manx ben phoost | |
| 41 | husband | Proto-Celtic *wiros | Proto-Brythonic *gwur | Breton gwaz | Cornish gour | Welsh gŵr | Old Irish céile, Old Irish fer | Irish fear céile | Scottish Gaelic fear-pòsta | Manx dooinney, Manx dooinney poost, Manx sheshey, Manx sheshey poost |
| 42 | mother | Proto-Celtic *mātīr | Proto-Brythonic *mamm | Breton mamm | Cornish mamm | Welsh mam | Old Irish máthair | Irish máthair | Scottish Gaelic màthair | Manx moir |
| 43 | father | Proto-Celtic *ɸatīr | Proto-Brythonic *tad | Breton tad | Cornish tas | Welsh tad | Old Irish athair | Irish athair | Scottish Gaelic athair | Manx ayr |
| 44 | animal | Proto-Celtic *mīlom | Proto-Brythonic *mil | Breton aneval, Breton loen, Breton mil | Cornish eneval, Cornish mil | Welsh anifail, Welsh mil | Old Irish anmandae, Old Irish míl, Old Irish robb | Irish ainmhí | Scottish Gaelic ainmhidh | Manx baagh, Manx baaghtagh, Manx bioagh, Manx cretoor |
| 45 | fish | Proto-Celtic *ɸēskos | Proto-Brythonic *uɨsk | Breton pesk | Cornish pysk | Welsh pysgodyn | Old Irish íasc | peixed | ||
| 46 | bird | Proto-Celtic *ɸatar, Proto-Celtic *ɸetnos | Proto-Brythonic *edn | Breton evn, Breton labous | Cornish edhen | Welsh aderyn | Old Irish én | eden | ||
| 47 | dog | Proto-Celtic *kū | Proto-Brythonic *ki | Breton ki | Cornish ki | Welsh ci | Old Irish cú, Old Irish matad | chi | ||
| 48 | louse | Proto-Celtic *luwā | Breton laou | Cornish low | Welsh llau | Old Irish míl, Old Irish míl étgudo | llo | |||
| 49 | snake | Proto-Celtic *natrixs | Breton naer, Breton sarpant | Cornish sarf | Welsh neidr, Welsh sarff | Old Irish nathair | nader | |||
| 50 | worm | Proto-Celtic *kʷrimis | Proto-Brythonic *prɨβ̃ | Breton buzhug, Welsh preñv | Cornish pryv | Welsh abwydyn, Welsh mwydyn, Welsh pryf, Welsh pryf genwair | Old Irish cruim | prĩu | ||
| 51 | tree | Proto-Celtic *kʷresnom | Proto-Brythonic *prenn | Breton gwez | Cornish gwedh | Welsh coed, Welsh colfen, Welsh pren | Old Irish crann, Old Irish fid | Irish bile, Irish crann | Scottish Gaelic crann, Scottish Gaelic craobh | Manx billey |
| 52 | forest | Proto-Celtic *kaito- | Proto-Brythonic *koɨd | Breton koad, Breton koed | Cornish koos, Cornish koswik | Welsh coedwig, Welsh fforest | Old Irish caill, Old Irish fid, Old Irish fidbad, Old Irish ros, Old Irish ruud | Irish coill | Scottish Gaelic coille | Manx keyll |
| 53 | stick (of wood) | Proto-Celtic *lorgā | Breton bazh | Cornish lorgh | Welsh ffon, Welsh llory | Old Irish flesc, Old Irish maide | Irish bata, Irish maide | Scottish Gaelic bata, Scottish Gaelic bioran, Scottish Gaelic maide | Manx maidjey | |
| 54 | fruit | Proto-Celtic *sutu- | Breton frouezh | Cornish frooth | Welsh ffrwyth | Old Irish mess, Old Irish torad | Irish toradh | Scottish Gaelic meas, Scottish Gaelic toradh | Manx mess, Manx troar | |
| 55 | seed | Proto-Celtic *segeto-, Proto-Celtic *sīlom | Breton had | Cornish has | Welsh had | Old Irish síl | Irish síol | Scottish Gaelic sìol | Manx rass, Manx sheel | |
| 56 | leaf | Proto-Celtic *dolnyā, Proto-Celtic *dolyā | Breton del | Cornish delen | Welsh dail | Old Irish duilne | Irish duille | Scottish Gaelic duilleag | Manx duillag | |
| 57 | root | Proto-Celtic *wridā | Breton gwrizienn | Cornish gwreydh | Welsh gwraidd, Welsh gwreiddyn | Old Irish frém, Old Irish mecon | Irish fréamh | Scottish Gaelic freumh | Manx fraue | |
| 58 | bark (of tree) | Proto-Celtic *ruskos | Proto-Brythonic *rrisk | Breton rusk | Cornish rusk | Welsh rhisgl | Old Irish coirt, Old Irish croiccenn, Old Irish crottball, Old Irish rúsc | Irish coirt, Irish rúsc}, Irish snamh | Scottish Gaelic rùsg | Manx roost |
| 59 | flower | Proto-Celtic *blātus | Proto-Brythonic *blọd | Breton bleuñv | Cornish bleujen | Welsh blodyn | Old Irish bláth, Old Irish scoth | Irish bláth, Irish scoth | Scottish Gaelic blàth | Manx blaa |
| 60 | grass | Proto-Celtic *gʷeltā | Proto-Brythonic *gwellt | Breton geot, Breton gwelt | Cornish gwels | Welsh gwellt | Old Irish fér | Irish féar | Scottish Gaelic feur | Manx faiyr |
| 61 | rope | Proto-Celtic *lomanā | Breton kordenn | Cornish lovan, Cornish korden | Welsh rhaff | Old Irish loman, Old Irish súainem, Old Irish tét | Irish téad | Scottish Gaelic ròpa, Scottish Gaelic teud | Manx tead | |
| 62 | skin (of a person) | Proto-Celtic *krokkenom, Proto-Celtic *kroknom | Proto-Brythonic *krʉn | Breton kroc'hen | Cornish kroghen | Welsh croen | Old Irish cnes, Old Irish croiccenn | Irish cneas, Irish craiceann | Scottish Gaelic cneas,Scottish Gaelic craiceann | Manx crackan |
| 63 | meat (as in flesh) | Proto-Celtic *kīkos, Proto-Celtic *mīros | Breton kig | Cornish kig | Welsh cig | Old Irish cúa, Old Irish féoil | Irish feoil | Scottish Gaelic feòil | Manx feill | |
| 64 | blood | Proto-Celtic *krowos | Proto-Brythonic *krow | Breton gwad | Cornish goos | Welsh gwaed | Old Irish crú, Old Irish fuil | Irish cró, Irish fuil | Scottish Gaelic fuil | Manx fuill |
| 65 | bone | Proto-Celtic *astkornu, Proto-Celtic *knāmis | Breton askorn | Cornish askorn | Welsh asgwrn | Old Irish cnáim | Irish cnámh | Scottish Gaelic cnàimh | Manx craue | |
| 66 | fat (noun) | Proto-Celtic *gʷered- | Breton druz, Breton lart | Cornish blonek | Welsh saim | Old Irish béoil, Old Irish blonac, Old Irish geir, Old Irish íth | Irish blonag, Irish saill | Scottish Gaelic saill | Manx blennick, Manx sahll | |
| 67 | egg | Proto-Celtic *āuyom | Breton vi | Cornish oy | Welsh wy | Old Irish og | Irish ubh | Scottish Gaelic ugh | Manx ooh | |
| 68 | horn | Proto-Celtic *kornu- | Breton korn | Cornish korn | Welsh corn | Old Irish adarc, Old Irish benn, Old Irish corn | Irish adharc, Irish corn | Scottish Gaelic adharc, Scottish Gaelic corn | Manx corn, Manx eairk | |
| 69 | tail | Proto-Celtic *lostā | Breton lost | Cornish lost | Welsh cynffon, Welsh llost | Old Irish erball, Old Irish err | Irish eireaball | Scottish Gaelic earball | Manx arbyl, Manx famman | |
| 70 | feather(rather not down) | Breton pluñv | Cornish pluv | Welsh plu | Old Irish cleitte | Irish cleite | Scottish Gaelic ite | Manx clooie, Manx fedjag | ||
| 71 | hair | Proto-Celtic *woltos | Proto-Brythonic *gwollt | Breton blev | Cornish blew, Cornish gols | Welsh blew, Welsh gwallt | Old Irish finna Old Irish folt | Irish folt, Irish gruaig | Scottish Gaelic falt, Scottish Gaelic gruag | Manx folt, Manx gruag |
| 72 | head | Proto-Celtic *kʷennom | Proto-Brythonic *penn | Breton penn | Cornish penn | Welsh pen | Old Irish cenn | Irish ceann | Scottish Gaelic ceann | Manx kione |
| 73 | ear | Proto-Celtic *ausos, Proto-Celtic *kloustā | Proto-Brythonic *klʉst | Breton skouarn | Cornish skovarn | Welsh clust | Old Irish áu, Old Irish clúas | Irish cluas | Scottish Gaelic cluas | Manx cleaysh |
| 74 | eye | Proto-Celtic *lukato- | Proto-Brythonic *llugad | Breton lagad | Cornish lagas | Welsh llygad | Old Irish rosc, Old Irish súil | Irish rosc, Irish súil | Scottish Gaelic sùil | Manx sooill |
| 75 | nose | Proto-Celtic *srognā | Proto-Brythonic *froɨn | Breton fri | Cornish troen | Welsh trwyn | Old Irish srón | Irish srón | Scottish Gaelic sròn | Manx stroin |
| 76 | mouth | Proto-Celtic *genus | Proto-Brythonic *gen | Breton beg, Breton genoù | Cornish ganow | Welsh ceg, Welsh genau | Old Irish á, Old Irish bél, Old Irish gin | Irish béal | Scottish Gaelic beul | Manx beeal |
| 77 | tooth (rather not molar) | Proto-Celtic *dant | Proto-Brythonic *dant | Breton dant | Cornish dans | Welsh dant | Old Irish dét, Old Irish fíacail | Irish déad, Irish fiacail | Scottish Gaelic fiacaill | Manx feeackle |
| 78 | tongue | Proto-Celtic *tangʷāss | Breton teod | Cornish taves | Welsh tafod | Old Irish tengae | Irish teanga | Scottish Gaelic teanga | Manx çhengey | |
| 79 | fingernail | Proto-Celtic *angʷīnā | Proto-Brythonic *ėɣwin | Breton ivin | Cornish ewyn | Welsh ewin | Old Irish ingen | Irish ionga | Scottish Gaelic ìne | Manx ingin |
| 80 | foot | Proto-Celtic *tregess | Breton troad, Breton troed | Cornish troes | Welsh troed | Old Irish cos, Old Irish traig | Irish cos, Irish troigh | Scottish Gaelic cas | Manx cass | |
| 81 | leg | Proto-Celtic *koxsā | Proto-Brythonic *koɨs | Breton gar | Cornish garr | Welsh coes | Old Irish cos | Irish cos | Scottish Gaelic cas | Manx cass, Manx lurgey |
| 82 | knee | Proto-Celtic *glūnos | Proto-Brythonic *glin | Breton glin | Cornish glin | Welsh glin, Welsh pen-glin | Old Irish glún | Irish glúin | Scottish Gaelic glùn | Manx glioon |
| 83 | hand | Proto-Celtic *ɸlāmā | Proto-Brythonic *llọβ̃ | Breton dorn | Cornish dorn | Welsh llaw | Old Irish lám | Irish lámh | Scottish Gaelic làmh | Manx laue |
| 84 | wing | Proto-Celtic *ɸatanī | Breton askell | Cornish askell | Welsh adain, Welsh asgell | Old Irish ette, Old Irish scíath | Irish eite, Irish eiteog, Irish sciath, Irish sciathán | Scottish Gaelic sgiath | Manx fedjag, Manx skian | |
| 85 | belly | Proto-Celtic *bolgos | Proto-Brythonic *bolɣ | Breton kof, Breton tor | Cornish kroth, Cornish torr | Welsh bol, Welsh bola | Old Irish bolg, Old Irish brú | Irish bolg | Scottish Gaelic broinn, Scottish Gaelic brù | Manx bolg |
| 86 | guts | Breton bouzellenn | Cornish kolodhyon | Welsh coluddion, Welsh perfeddion, Welsh ymysgaroedd | Old Irish cáelán, Old Irish inathar | Irish inní | Scottish Gaelic caolan | Manx collane | ||
| 87 | neck | Proto-Celtic *monis | Breton gouzoug | Cornish konna | Welsh gwddf, Welsh gwddwg, Welsh mwnwgl | Old Irish brága, Old Irish muin, Old Irish muinél | Irish muineál | Scottish Gaelic muineal | Manx mwannal | |
| 88 | back | Breton kein | Cornish keyn | Welsh cefn | Old Irish cúl, Old Irish druimm | Irish droim | Scottish Gaelic druim | Manx dreeym | ||
| 89 | breast | Proto-Celtic *brusū, Proto-Celtic *kīkos | Proto-Brythonic *bronn | Breton bronn | Cornish bronn | Welsh bron | Old Irish cích | Irish brollach, Irish cíoch | Scottish Gaelic cìoch | Manx keeagh |
| 90 | heart | Proto-Celtic *kalonā, Proto-Celtic *kridyom | Proto-Brythonic *kalon | Breton kalon | Cornish kolon | Welsh calon | Old Irish cride | Irish croí | Scottish Gaelic cridhe | Manx cree |
| 91 | liver | Proto-Celtic *awV- | Breton avu | Cornish avi | Welsh afu | Old Irish óa | Irish ae | Scottish Gaelic adha | Manx aane |
Bandal
| Bandal | Maltese | Siculo-Arabic (in Sicilian) |
Arabic text | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| bebbuxu | bebbuxu | babbaluciu | ببوش (babbūš) |
snail |
| gebbu | ġiebja | gebbia | جب (jabb) | cistern |
| giunglena | ġunġlien | giuggiulena | جنجلان (junjulān) | sesame seed |
| seghija | sieqja | saia | ساقية (sāqiyah) | canal |
| tennuru | kenur | tannura | تنور (tannūr) | oven |
| zafranu | żagħfran | zaffarana | زعفران (zaʿfarān) | saffron |
| zara | żahra (less common than fjura, borrowed from Medieval Sicilian) | zagara | زهرة (zahrah) | blossom |
| sbiba | żbib | zibbibbu | زبيب (zabīb) | raisins |
| segu | zokk (may be borrowed from Sicilian) | zuccu | ساق (sāq) | tree trunk |
| tebutu | tebut | tabbutu | تابوت (tābūt) | coffin |
| Maltese | Berber languages | English | |
|---|---|---|---|
| grinxula | gremxula | azrem ašal, lit. 'land worm', (Kabyle) | lizard |
| ficruna | fekruna | tifakrunin (Jerbi), ifekran (Tashelhiyt), ifkran (Kabyle) | turtle |
| geddu | geddum | aqadum, lit. 'face, frown' (Kabyle) | chin |
| gendu | gendus | gandūz, lit. 'young calf' (Jerbi) | ox, bull |
| gerżuma | ageržum (Mozabite, Tashelhiyt) | throat | |
| tfief | tilfaf (Ouargli), tifāf, tilfāf, tiffāf (Tarifit) | sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus) | |
| tengħud | talaɣūda (Tunisian Arabic), telɣūda (Algerian Arabic) | spurge (Euphorbia) | |
| kosksu | kuskesu, kuskus (Kabyle) | couscous, small round pasta | |
| fart | fartas | aferḍas (Ouargli, Kabyle) | bald |
| għaffeġ | ‘affež (Algerian Arabic), effeẓ (Ouargli, Mozabite) | to crush, to squash | |
| żrinġ | tažrant (Jerbi) | frog | |
| izrar | żrar | zrar (Mozabite, Ouargli), azrar (Kabyle, Nafusi) | gravel |
| werżieq | wárẓag (Mrazig) | cicada, lit. screamer, shrieker | |
| buqexrem | buqišrem (Kabyle) | vervain (Verbena officinalis) | |
| fidloqqom | fudalɣem (Kabyle) | borage (Borago officinalis) | |
| zor | żorr | uzur (Kabyle), uzzur (Tarifit) | rude, arrogant |
| leddixer | lellex | lelleš (Mozabite) | to shine, to glitter |
| besber | pespes | bbesbes (Ouargli) | to whisper |
| tefter | teptep | ṭṭebṭeb (Ouargli) | to blink, to twinkle |
| bibber | webbel | webben (Mozabite) | to induce, to tempt |